Bird World

BrokenWing Chronicles
Bird World Part One

The Amazing World of Birds
Welcome to the beautiful, the wonderful, the truly amazing world of birds

Birds are truly beautiful creatures, they are also fascinating and all around us, roosting and nesting on our buildings and feeding in our gardens and refuse dumps, they are easy to find and fun to observe.

Birds are probably the most beloved group of wild animals on the planet. Their ubiquitous presence, colourful form, intelligent actions and cheeky mannerisms endear them to us all. Birds are easy to love. The existence of societies like the National Audubon Society of America with 550 000 members and the RSPB, originally of the UK, with over 1,000,000 members are a testament to how popular birds are.

Some Amazing Bird Facts
here are about 9 703 species of birds divided up into 23 orders, 142 families and 2 057 genera (Sibley and Monroe 1992).

Birds can be found on all major land masses from the poles to the tropics as well as in or over all our seas and oceans and their accompanying islands.

The total number of birds on the planet is very difficult to estimate because their populations fluctuate seasonally, but scientists have suggested that there may be between 100,000 and 200,000 million adult or near adult birds on the planet at any one time. Of these the most common or populous wild bird in the world is the Red-billed Quelea (Quelea quelea) from south of the Sahara in Africa. These birds are so prolific that they are serious pests of grain and millions are killed at roost sites every year in a vain attempt to control their numbers.

The Rarest
The rarest bird in the world is much harder to estimate because though a large number of birds are rare, in most cases the exact number of birds left living for any given species is impossible to ascertain. Some species have been rare for a long time. These include the Sudanese Red Sea Cliff Swallow (Hirundo perdita) seen once in 1984 and the Orange-necked Partridge (Arborophila davidi) seen once in 1927. Other birds are known or believed to be extinct in the wild but still have some representatives living in captivity. A good example of this is the Spix's Macaw (Cyanopsitta spiscii) hunted to the brink of extinction to satisfy the foolish demands of the pet trade.

Since the 1600s at least 115 species of bird are known to have gone extinct, mostly as a result of human interference of one sort or another. However, we humans are not all bad and sometimes the good guys win. Some prime examples of this are the Mauritius Kestrel (Falco punctatus) once down to 4 wild individuals, but now there are more than 300, and the Californian Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) which after the last wild male was caught in 1987 was down to 27 individuals all in captivity. By 1994 captive breeding had brought the population up to 75 with 9 in the wild.

The most common
The most common bird in the world is probably the Red Junglefowl(Gallus gallus) most regularly seen as the common domestic chicken and then called Gallus gallus domesticus, or in some places Gallus domesticus.
The most widespread and commonly seen wild bird in the world is probably the European House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) which has been transported all over the world by European settlers and can now be found on 2/3 of the land masses of the world including New Zealand, Australia, N. America, India and of course Europe.

The other contender is the Red-billed Quelea (Quelea quelea) of Africa, whose population, while restricted to a part of Africa where it is considered a serious pest by farmers is estimated to be around 1.5 billion birds.

The Largest
There are 3 possible ways of measuring largest in birds; heaviest, tallest and or longest wingspan, however, whatever way you choose, the records are all held by extinct species. The heaviest bird ever was probably the extinct Dromornis stirtoni from Australia. This flightless giant lived between 1 and 15 million years ago and probably stood nearly 3m/10ft tall and weighed in at a massive 500kg/1100lb. The tallest bird ever was, as far as we know, Dinornus maximus, a Giant Moa from New Zealand. This giant though only half as heavy as the Australian Dromornis stood an incredible 3.7m/12.1ft tall. Another extinct bird, this time from S. America, has the record for largest flying bird and longest wingspan. The Giant Teratorn (Argentavis magnificens) had a wingspan of at least 6M/19.5ft and could possibly have been as large as 7.5m/25ft.

As with insects, spiders, lizards and amphibians, living species are all smaller than their extinct ancestors. However they are still pretty impressive.

The largest living bird is without doubt the Ostrich (Struthio camelus). This ever popular bird stands a magnificent 2.74m (9ft) high and can weigh as much as 160kg (353lb).

The heaviest flying bird is the Kori Bustard of Africa (Ardeotis kori), a number of specimens have been scientifically recorded weighing 19kg (42lb) and heavier specimens have been reported but not confirmed. Close runner-ups are the Eurasian Bustard (Otis tarda) and the Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) both of which have been recorded at 18kg or (40lb).

The title of 'Bird with the Longest Wings' also has several close contenders with the Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) with a well recorded wingspan of 3m (10ft) and the Maribou Stork (Leptoptilus crumeniferous) with a know wing span 2.87 m (9ft6ins) and an unconfirmed report of a specimen with a 4.06 m (13ft 4ins) are undoubtedly the longest winged birds on land. However real record holders are birds that live at sea. The Royal Albatross Diomedea epomophora has been regularly recorded with a wingspan of 3.5 m (11ft 6ins). However the Wandering Albatross, (Diomedia exulans) which has a similar average wingspan holds the scientific record for wing length. A male caught and measured by the Antarctic research ship USNS Eltanin in the Tasman sea in 1965 had a wingspan of 3.63m (11 ft 11 ins) and so holds the crown for having the longest officially recorded wings in a living bird. However, as with all these records, there are other unconfirmed reports of even larger specimens.

The Smallest
The smallest bird in the world is generally agreed to be the Bee Hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) from Cuba which weighs a mere 1.6g or 0.056oz. Shortest wings and body length are not really appropriate measurements because they are disproportionately affected by whether or not the bird is flightless or not and its beak length respectively. Another major contender for smallest bird is the Little Woodstar (Acestrura bombus) from S. America. Both these tiny miracles of life fly very competently. The smallest flightless bird is the Inaccessible Island Rail (Altantisia rogersi). Reaching a mere 12.5cm/5inches in length and weighing 35g/1.45oz this little beauty can only be found in the southern Atlantic Tristan da Cunha Islands.

Nests and Eggs
Largest Egg - living = Ostrich
Largest Egg - ever = Elephant Bird Aepyornis maximus From Madagascar 39cm/15.4in long = 12 litres/2.6 gallons, 220 chicken eggs
Smallest Egg - living = Vervain Humming bird Mellisuga minima = the size of pea
Largest individual nest = Mallee Fowl Australia Leipoa ocellata builds a mound 5 m (16.5ft) high and 11 metres (36ft) wide.
Smallest nest - many seabirds do not make a nest at all, nest on ground or in case of fairy tern on a branch of a tree otherwise the award goes to the hummingbirds for their thimble sized (1cm squared) nests.

Some Avian Records and Record Holders
Largest Bill = Australian Pelican (Pelecanus conspicillatus) up to 47cm (18.5in).

Most feathers = Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus) = 25,216.

Fastest Flying = Falco peregrinus 200kmh/124mph, however this is in a steep dive. In level flight the record goes to the Wandering Albatross which was clocked maintaining 56kmh/35mph for 800km/500 miles.

Fastest Wingbeat = Horned Sungem Heliacter cornuta from S. America 90 beats/sec several other hummingbirds have similar wingbeat speeds.

Most acrobatic flight = Hobby Falco subbutea which can catch swallows and swifts in mid-air. Many hummingbirds can fly backwards and sideways as well as going vertically up and down.

Longest migratory flight = Arctic tern Sterna paradisa from Kondalakaha Russia to Freemantle W. Australia. They breed on shores of Arctic ocean then fly to the Antarctic. One bird was caught 9 months after it was banded 14,000 miles (22,530 km) away on the 29/11/73.

Highest recorded flight = Ruppell's Griffon Vulture Gyps ruepellii recorded flying at 11,277m/37,000ft, at this height human beings would die from lack of air.

Deepest dive = Emperor Penguin Aptenodytes fosteri with a dive of 534m/1751ft reported in the journal Condor in 1995.

Longest dive = Emperor Penguin Aptenodytes fosteri , recorded at 18 minutes in 1990.

Largest Roost = Brambling Fringilla montifringilla a roost of 70 million birds was recorded in Switzerland in winter 1951/52.
Largest natural distribution = Peregrin Falcon Falco peregrinus = found on every continent except Antarctica.

Largest natural clutch = Grey Partridge Perdix perdix over 15-16 up to 20.

Longest lived (proven claim) = Sulphur Crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) one specimen lived 80 years in captivity as an adult.

Quickest generation time = 5 species of quails in the genus Caturnix they actually mature 5 weeks after hatching.

Keenest vision = Peregrin Falcon Falco peregrinus can see a pigeon at 8km/5 miles.

Keenest hearing = Barn Owls Tyto alba and kin, can catch a rodent in complete darkness.

Fastest Swimmer = Gentoo penguin (Pygaelis papua) recorded at 27km/h 17mph.

Loudest song = Male Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) up to 7km 4.4 miles.

Fastest Runner = Ostrich, males can easily run at 72kmh/45mph.

The Bird with the Strongest Bill, or Jaws = The rare Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) which lives on well protected foods such as Palm Tree - Pine nuts. They are also the largest flying parrot in the world.

Extinction in Birds
Extinction was forever once but modern biologists are doing their best to unravel the mysteries of DNA coding and cloning so that extinct species may once day be able to be brought back into the world. Nevertheless until that time, extinction still represents a loss of both species and their genetic material.

Many bird species have become extinct in the past, far more than currently exist. This however has taken millions of years and we have good reasons to believe that for life on earth all together, on average the number of species going extinct has been less than the number of species coming into existence, however the fossil record suggests that in the past birds have been at times more numerous in species than they are now (for a definition of species see classification).

Recently however mankind has had a dramatic affect on the rate and nature of extinctions occurring. Through habitat destruction, the introduction of non-native species and deliberate hunting we have brought many species to extinction long before they would have become extinct had we not evolved the technology which has made this possible. In the last 280 years 42 species and 44 subspecies of birds are known to have become extinct. Subspecies are important because they are the root stock from which species evolve. They are quite probably the species of the future. Many of these species have been island endemics with small ranges and small populations. North America has seen 2 bird species and 3 subspecies go extinct in the last 200 years whereas Hawaii has lost 9 species and 7 subspecies in the same time.

There is little we can do about those species which are already gone but by practising a philosophy of personal awareness combined with an abhorrence for the manifestations of greed and ignorance we can perhaps play a part in slowing down the destruction of this precious diversity of beauty and life. There are number of books (see below) which detail what is known of those species which are extinct or in danger of becoming so and it would be futile to attempt to reproduce these excellent efforts here. Instead I have chosen to supply a few examples which I think highlight the major problems facing both birds and those people who are fighting to save them and to supply a reasonable complete list of birds that have become extinct in the last 400 years.

The Dodos
The most famous of the recently extinct birds is of course the Dodo one of 3 fairly similar large flightless birds living on the Mascarene Islands off the coast of Madagascar which became extinct as a result of hunting and the depredations of rats, cats, pigs and macaques, all of which were introduced by early travellers. The three birds were, the Dodo from Mauritius, the Solitaire of Reunion and the Solitaire of Rodriguez

The Dodo, Raphus cucullatus was extinct by 1680 only 174 years after Europeans first became aware of it. No whole birds are known but a selection of bones including a whole head and a foot are in various museums around Europe. The bill was 9 inches 22-25 cm long and it is believed the bird may have weighed as much as 50 lbs. There are several descriptions and drawings which indicate a greyish bird with a lighter breast. Feet and legs yellow. The plumage may of course have changed seasonally as do many birds.

Reunion Solitaire or White Dodo (Raphus solitarius) is known only from paintings and descriptions. Like the Rodriguez Solitaire the exact date it became extinct is not known. Bary de Saint Vincent visited the Island in 1801 and reported that no members of the species had been seen for some time.

These 3 islands between them were home to many more birds than these, most of them endemic and completely unique. Of the 28 fairly certain species of birds found on these islands, 27 were found nowhere else in the world, and of these 24 or 25 are now extinct. This is a terrible testament to the destruction human beings can unleash, even without modern weapons of mass destruction. It is pointless however to be bitter, or to hate those responsible, we all make errors in our ignorance. Like children learning as we grow, we can let this tragic history be a strong lesson on how precious the diversity of life on this planet is. As well as one on how important it is to seek a growing awareness of the effects our actions have on the world around us, both as individuals and as a species.

The Moas

The Moas of New Zealand are a good reminder of the fact that man is not the only factor involved in extinctions. Moas existed in New Zealand from at least the late Miocene or early Pliocene and the oldest known fossil is (Anomalapteryx antiquus). About 20-25 species are known from the fossil record. All are relatively large flightless birds. The species thought to have died out last is Megalapteryx diderius which some authorities claim existed on the South Island until about 300 years ago. The Maoris arrived in New Zealand around 1350 AD so this would mean that the Moas became extinct about 300 years after the Maoris arrived. Some authorities however maintain that all the Moas were extinct before the Maoris arrived. There were human inhabitants of New Zealand before the Maoris arrived and there is no doubt that they killed and ate both Moas and their eggs.

However, the New Zealand climate had been changing steadily for several thousands of years, becoming much wetter and causing changes in vegetation. Slowly the grasslands that the Moas evolved in had been replaced by forests. Most authorities agree that this was an important factor in the decline of the Moas. It may wee have been that human hunting and firing/burning of the remaining grasslands merely hastened the process of extinction that the rest of nature had already been working towards in its own inevitable way.
The Hawaiian Drepanididae

This family has suffered an incredible depredation in the Hawaiian Islands with 6 species and 4 subspecies suffering extinction in the last couple of centuries.

Layson Honeyeater Himatiore sanquineaExtinct since about 1923 when the last 3 specimens were seen by the Tanoger Exhibition of the US Biological Society. Several searches were made in the 30s and 40s, but no further birds were found. Their extinction was a result of habitat destruction resulting from the introduction of rabbits to Layson Island in 1903 for commercial reasons. The birds (redbirds as they were known) were endemic to Layson Island.

Ula-Ai-Hawane Aridops annaExtinct, an endemic to the island of Hawaii, the last specimen was caught on 20 February 1892 on Mount Kohala. This was a small finch-like bird predominantly black and grey in colouration, with a reddish rump. It lived in mountain forests.

3 species of Psittirostra (palmeri, flaviceps and kona) are presumed extinct - another 2 (P. psittacea and P. bailleui) are extremely rare and endangered. All have extremely solid, large seed-cracking beaks. For P. palmeri the last reliable record is in 1896. It was found only in Koa forests of Hawaii at about 4000 feet elevation. It was the largest of the group measuring 8.5 inches long. The bird was easily recognised because of its colourful plumage, the male had a orange head, olive back, pale orange rump and yellow breast and belly - females similar except head yellow and back greener.

P. flaviceps. Extinct, another endemic to Hawaii, the last specimen was seen in October 1891. Physically the bird was similar to P. palmeri but smaller lived on the same Koa forests. It fed on seeds.

P. kora Extinct last seen in 1894 when they were already rare and restricted to an area about 4 miles square on the island of Hawaii. They were known to feed on the dry fruits of the Bastard Sandalwood trees. They were about 7 inches long, olive-green with a very large bill.

Drepanis pacificaCommon mamo Extinct, last seen in 1898 at above the town of Hilo in Hawaii. An attractive bird with a long thin downward curving beak. Trapped regularly by the natives for its feathers. It is however likely, that as with the other species in this group, that habitat destruction, introduced predators, and disease were primarily responsible for its extinction. Feathers almost entirely black except for a few yellow feathers on rump, wing and under-tail coverts. Fed on nectar.

Drepanis funerea Extinct = Black mamo = last specimen taken in 1907. Confined to the island of Molokai. Similar to the above D. pacifica except no yellow and with a hint of grey on the outer edges of the primaries. Fed on nectar. Introduced brown rats and mongooses are the presumed causes of extinction.

Passenger Pigeon, Ectopistes migratoriusDescription about 12 inches long and typical pigeon shape and colours and rump and upper tail covets Bluish Grey, Upper back with some iridescent remiges lower back and wing covets brownish grey, Secondaries browner grey, primaries similar to secondaries but with a clear white edge. Tail feathers white except for the middle 2 which were grey. Breast cinnamon-rufous in upper parts becoming paler on lower. Bill black, feed red, eyes orange. Wing length 196-214 mm tail 173-211 mm. This bird lived mainly in deciduous forests in what is now mainland USA exhibiting a North/South migration every year with the summer northerly limit being southern Canada, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec and the southern limit being Appalachians in north Virginia SW to northern Mississippi. Winter northerly limit was Indiana, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts normally, and southern limit being the Gulf of Mexico though stray birds were recorded in Bermuda and even Europe.

The most unusual thing about this bird was its colonial nesting and the huge flocks it used to migrate in. Reasonable estimates suggest 2000 million birds in one flock so the populations in N. America was not small. The population appears to have undergone periodic fluctuations with some years of excessive numbers where nesting sites were measured in hundreds of square miles and years in between of less extreme numbers. Insufficient data are available to explain these fluctuations but they undoubtedly contributed to the ease with which this once extremely numerous bird was extirpated.

Last specimen died on September 1914 in Cincinnati (Ohio) Zoological Gardens. The last certified wild specimen was taken between September 9-15 1899.

The bird was a herbivore, feeding mostly on oak and beech mast as well as seeds and fruits of other deciduous trees. It only ever laid one egg per season in captivity, though there are reports of it laying two eggs per nest at least occasionally in the wild.

The Great Auk, Alca impennisLast known specimens killed at Edley Rock, Iceland in 1844. This was a large flightless seabird feeding on fish and eels and nesting on a number of rocky islands in the north Atlantic particularly Gunk Island where the last known breeding colony was exterminated between 1785 and 1841. The birds were killed by seamen for food and by fishermen for food and for use as bait.

The largest of the Auks, Great Auks measured about 30 inches (75 cm) long with a black head and back and white front. The bill was large as in all Auks and their feet webbed, they had a white spat before the eye on either side of the face. Wings dark brown with secondaries having white tips. Eye chestnut. The white spat was only present in summer and the dark brown/black of the chin and throat are white. Breeding probably occurred from May-July when the female laid one egg, incubation took about 30 days - we really know very little about it.

Bonin Wood Pigeon, Columba versicolorExtinct since 1889. Last specimen taken on the Japanese Island of Nakondo Shima. A pale wood pigeon with a metallic golden-purple back and head, green neck and rump. Feeding and ecology similar to most wood pigeons. It was endemic to just a few islands in the Baum Island archipelago south of Japan, Nakondo Shima, Peel Island and Kittlitz. It is believed that habitat destruction was the main cause of extinction.

Tahitian Sandpiper, Prosobonia leucopteraExtinct since probably the late 1700s early 1800s,this species was/is known from only one specimen in a museum in Leyden, Holland. It was a small 7 inches long dark brown bird turning rusty on lower portions. It was an endemic of Tahiti and Eimes and apparently frequented small streams. It is believed that it was the introduction of rats and pigs to the islands where it lived that caused its demise.

Crested Sheldrake or Shellduck, Tadorna cristataExtinct (probably), last seen 1916 when a specimen was taken near Fusan, Korea. Searches in more recent years have failed to find any other specimens. It is not known what its full range was, it was known from Korea and Japan and was painted by Japanese artists. It is supposed to have bred in eastern Siberia. Similar in size to the common shellduck/drake (Tadorna tadorna) it had a distinctive head, green on top and grey below in the male and black on top whitish below in the female, otherwise it had a green lower need and upper chest, the rest of the chest, the back and the belly being dark grey otherwise similar to a common Sheldrake (That was the male). The female differs by having a black ring around the eye. No opinions have been offered that I know of to explain its extinction though hunting must be a prime candidate.

The Cuban Red Macaw = Guacamayo = Ara tricolorNow extinct, it was last seen in 1864. an endemic to Cuba, it was small, 20 cms long, mostly red and yellow with some blue and purple. They lived in the vicinity of the Zapata Swamp and nested in holes in palm trees. Though the natives were believed to eat them no reasons are recorded for their extinction.

Guadeloupe Island Caracara Polyborus lutosusLast seen 1 December 1900 this was a large brown hawk endemic to Guadeloupe, it had a black head and a grey tail and is believed to have descended from Polyborus prelutosus. It was a generalist predator and fed on anything that was available from insects, worms and shellfish to small birds and mammals. The natives bred goats and believed that the birds killed the kids so for this reason the natives hunted it ruthlessly. In the 1800's guns and poisons became easier and cheaper to acquire and gave the natives the ability to exterminate the birds. This is one of the few, if not the only case of a bird species being deliberately brought to extinction. In this case it is perhaps ironic that the goats its extermination was designed to protect were an introduced species already doing considerable damage to the environment.

Mysterious Starling Aplonis mavornataThis extinct bird is known on from one specimen in the British Museum. Nothing is known of it except that it was probably collected on one of Captain Cook's voyages. It is not even known which Pacific Island it lived on, though now it is found on none.

Bird Migration
One of the most notable things about just about any bird population is that some of the birds are only present for some of the time.

Between 1500 and 4000 species of birds migrate, the exact answer is not really knowy yet and the experts differ as to their answers.

Some birds travel south in some winters but not others. This is not migration, but dispersal resulting from a population boom. These population booms can occur regularly, i.e. every 4 or 10 years perhaps, but there is no return in the spring. Destruction or loss of food resources can also cause the irregular eruptions of birds to new habitats.

Seasonal migration is a major factor in the life of many birds. In some cases this migration is very obvious and involves huge distances but at other times it is much more subtle. In the UK most people know that Swallows, Swifts and many small passerines such as Wood Warblers and Redstarts are migratory birds. They are present in the summer, but fly south along with many other species to warmer climes for winter. Similarly, many ducks and geese are only present in the UK during winter, when we are their south. They return north to the nearctic in summer to breed.

What is less well known is that a number of our more regular birds are migrants as well. Birds that we see all year such as Robins and Starlings either leave or come to Britain during the winter. For some of these species, birds move south a certain degree over their whole range so that though my local birds have left and gone south their more northern cousins have also moved south and arrived. The overall effect can be that to a cursory observation, the population is sedentary when in fact it is quite dynamic. A further complication to this picture is that in some cases only part of the population is migratory.

In other words some local birds move south, some remain and some more northern birds arrive. This means that although I see a species of bird, say Chiffchaff all year round, the birds I see come from two different populations. Anyway, whatever the true nature of the migration observed the fact of migration itself is a fascinating and awe inspiring facet of bird ecology. The following pages are a brief introduction to extent and mechanics of migration. I have tried to use examples from all across the world but as my time, space and information are limited I can only apologise if your favourite example has not been mentioned.

What is Migration?
In everyday speech migration is regarded as the mechanism behind the seasonal appearance and disappearance of some species of birds, mammals, fish and insects. To most people migration is birds, and perhaps mammals. Though in fact many insects, some mites and spiders, some reptiles, amphibians and even plants migrate regularly. Here we are concerned with the migration of birds.

A more exact definition of migration is the mass intentional and unidirectional movement of a population during which time normal stimuli are ignored. This allows migration to be distinguished from dispersal. Dispersal is multidirectional, often only involves part of a population and does not involve the ignoring of normal stimuli.

This bit about ignoring normal stimuli means that whereas under normal non-migratory circumstances a species will respond to some stimuli, say a flower, tree or another member of the same species in a particular way. For Example by stopping its flight and feeding, or showing aggression, during migration these responses are suppressed and not allowed to interfere with the forward momentum of the migration. Remember, normal stimuli can be suppressed at other times as well and some responses are seasonal in themselves, therefore the mere suppression of a response to normal stimuli does not indicate migratory behaviour on its own. However, combined with continual movement in one direction of all observed members of a population it is a good indicator. In birds migration is seasonal and often spectacular and much is now known about the physiology as well as the mechanics of migratory flight.

Mankind has probably been aware of the fact of bird migration for many thousands of years. Birds such as ducks, geese, swans and quail were valuable food resources to early man. Their tendency to be plentiful at one part of the year and scarce or non-existent in another would have been noticed and recorded in tribal law. Though the fact that the birds actually migrate, and why they do remained a mystery for many years. The bible and ancient Egyptian tomb paintings are perhaps the oldest recorded references to bird migration. The reference in Numbers 11:31 and 11:32 probably applies to a quail migration, similar migrations still occur around the Mediterranean today. Other biblical references which appear to be reference to the seasonal nature of bird migration included Jeremiah 8:7 and Job 39:26.

The first natural historian to write about migration as an observable fact was Aristotle. Though Herodotus described the migration of Cranes from north of the Black Sea to Central Africa (with some fancy embellishments) 100 years before. Aristotle was an astute observer and as well as recording the times of departure of some species from Greece, and listing Pelicans, Turtle Doves, Swallows, Quail, Swans and Geese correctly as migrants he accurately observed that all migrating birds fatten themselves up before migrating. A fact that was subsequently ignored for 2000 years.

As much a genius as he undoubtedly was, Aristotle made some serious blunders in his theorising about birds. In Greece, Redstarts migrate south in the winter, however Robins from further north migrate south to Greece. As some redstarts would have been moulting before migration, losing their bright breeding plumage, it is easy to see how he became convinced that Redstarts change into Robins for winter and back into Redstarts for summer. He called this bird transmutation. His second error was to report that swallows hibernate in holes in trees in a torpid and featherless state. We now believe that this theory arose as a result of observing late breeding swifts in Autumn. Newly hatched swifts are not much smaller than an adult plucked swallow, swifts will/do nest in holes in trees and young swifts are one of the few species of birds capable of entering and emerging from a torpid state. This is an adaptation to the fact that sometimes both adults have to be away from the nest for hours or even days in the search for food. This is particularly so during bad weather when flying insects are hard to find.

After Aristotle little was done except to publish rewritings of Aristotle's original works, even Pliny was basically just a copy of Aristotle. A few writers made original observations such as Frederick II of Germany in his book 'On the Art of Hunting with Birds' (though he obviously wrote the title and the book in Latin not English). In 1251 Matthew Paris writing in Hertfordshire recorded what is the first reference in England of the migration of Crossbills. By the 1600s good evidence had been supplied by the French ornithologist Pierre Belan to refute many claims of hibernation by the simple act of keeping the supposedly hibernating birds in a large aviary supplied with all the facilities it was claimed they needed to hibernate. None ever did.

However despite this and a few other rational writings many authors continued to support the hibernation theories. Pretending to have observed swallows being drawn up in nets with fish from the bottom of lakes where they hibernated. Even up to the 1800s supporters of migration as a concept held some ideas we find very strange today. Such as that birds migrated to the moon, or that they simply circumnavigated the planet in a series of endless circles. In 1808 Forster published a work showing up the foolishness in the hibernation claims and from there the science of ornithology moved steadily forward. The migration of birds is now a well known and accepted fact and we find it hard to understand how such fanciful ideas could ever have been believed.

It is important though to remember when considering the errors of our ancestors that until the 19th century optical equipment was extremely rare, bird identification guides non-existent, travel to other countries difficult and expensive and bird ringing of course had not been invented. As a final controversial note to show us that nature is wonderfully diverse, in 1946 the Nuttalls Poorwill Phalaenoptilus nuttallii was found to be a bird that actually does hibernate, it does so in the Colorado Desert, California where it lives.

More strange beliefs about birds, which were common for one reason or another, include that Barnacle Geese turn into barnacles for the summer and vice-versa. This belief was supported by the general populace because it allowed Barnacle geese to be classified as fish which could thus be eaten on Friday and during lent.

The recognition that returning migrants indicate the end of winter is encapsulated in the old saying one swallow maketh not a summer a saying echoes in other languages.

It was also believed in many cultures that small birds such as warblers migrated by hitching a ride on larger birds such as cranes. Cree Indians in what is now USA had the name napite-shu-utl to describe birds which rode on the backs of the Sandhill Crane.
Modern Understandings

Scientific investigation of bird migration began in 1802 when Audubon first began labelling birds with metal leg bands. It was not until this century when large numbers of bands with printed numbers and letters became available that this method really began to deliver results. The first mass produced bands were made of nickel, which proved unsuitable because of its tendency to oxidise and become unreadable.

Nowadays banding rings are made of an aluminium alloy called manel or incaloy. The numbering of the rings is controlled by a national body in most countries and the rings have a contact address on them. These national bodies co-operate with each other in exchanging information on banding records (either live caught or found dead) of birds ringed outside the country in which they are caught.

Banders or Ringers as they are called in the UK have to work hard to get any returns. Especially with small birds the number of banded birds which are either recaught or found dead is very small. Hundreds of thousands of birds are banded around the world each year, both by professionals and amateurs. This dedicated work by relatively few individuals has over the last 20 years or so generated a lot of useful information. This information, in conjunction with that from radar observations and the collecting of exhausted and dead birds from buildings such as lighthouses into which they tend to crash, has revealed most of what we know today.

When and How do Birds Migrate
Birds tend to commence migration in large numbers only when they have a favourable tail wind. In North America the winds north in spring and south in autumn are ideal to assist seasonal migrations. Once started however only very bad weather will stop them. Many birds fly high when migrating because of prevailing winds at higher altitudes and also because the cold at these altitudes helps them disperse all the heat being generated by their flight muscles.Many species of wildfowl fly at 6,000m and some have been observed flying at 8,000m, 86mph in temp = -48 degrees C

Not all birds from a summer breeding site overwinter at the same area. What happens, come autumn, if a male bird meets a female bird in the breeding grounds who has a different overwintering site? Whose site do they go to now they are a pair? In many species the pair bond breaks up at the end of the breeding season, but some like swans mate for life. In the case of the Bewick's Swan the male decides where to fly to for the winter and the female follows him. However, the female decides when it is time to travel back to the tundra for another year's breeding.

The reverse scenario is when birds with different breeding sites overwinter in the same area; if pairing commences on the overwintering ground, whose breeding ground to they return to. The answer may be different for different species. The only example I know of involved Mallards in the USA and in this case the male followed the female.

Timing of migration is a mix of internal stimulus which results in a feeding binge to put on fat to survive the journey and then the tendency to aggregate into flocks. Once the pre-migration flock is gathered, the feeding continues while the birds wait for suitable weather conditions. Thus while the birds' internal clock probably releases the hormonal triggers at a fairly accurate date each year, the availability of food and the presiding weather conditions decide when the migration starts and hence when we see the first spring migrants arrive and the last autumn ones leave.

A 12-year study of Common Terns at Cape Cod showed that an average 75% of birds, and as much as 83%, returned to the same area to nest in successive years. Eighty percent nested within 25 feet of the original nest site. Another study of Layson Albatrosses showed that in the following year a nest was on average only 13 inches away from the previous nest.

For geographical reasons, i.e. mountains, coasts and rivers, many migrating birds travel certain general flyway or routes. In the USA there are 4 main flyways and these are termed the Atlantic, Mississippi, Central and Pacific flyways. In Europe the mountains do not run so regularly north/south as in the USA, therefore certain passes become funnels through which many migratory birds pass. Also the Mediterranean is a major obstacle to many birds and they veer either left or right to avoid crossing it.

Migratory routes are not fixed eternally and in some species part of the population follows one route and part another. Also, some birds travel south by a different route to that which they use to travel north, e.g. Golden Plover.

Some migrants fly very long distances. Some arctic terns fly 11,000 miles each way. Other birds fly lesser distances. Blackpolls from Hudson Bay overwinter in Venezuela, 5,000 miles each way and Golden Plovers fly 2400 miles each way in the USA.

Speed - birds often fly faster when on a migratory flight then they do during ordinary flight. Thus distances of 200 to 400 miles a day are commonplace among long distance migrants. Some birds, however, migrate more slowly, e.g. Robins coming up the Gulf coast average 13 miles a day.

Most flights occur at between 600 and 5,000 ft above sea level with an average height of 1525 ft a.s.l. However, mountains may mean greater heights are needed and heights over 10,000 ft a.s.l. are not uncommon.

Homing - Little is known about how birds navigate. Experiments show that most migratory birds have a built-in sense of direction and know innately which direction they need to travel. First year Starlings in Europe kept in a covered cage and away from birds which have already migrated once or more, still move to the correct side of the cage when the time comes for them to migrate.

Some birds appear to use landmarks and obviously at a height of several thousand feet they can see a considerable distance.

Young crows born and raised in Alberta and then kept caged until after all the population had flown south and the first snows had fallen flew straight to Oklahoma where the rest of their flock was.

Young birds can also learn a lot from travelling with their parents. Mallards are migratory in Finland, but not in England. Young hatched from eggs taken from English Mallards and put under Finish females had no problems migrating with the rest of the population.

Wind direction - Some birds, particularly those flying across the North Sea, navigate at least partially using wind direction. This makes sense when you realise that in many places the wind blows in the same direction in the same season every year.

The Sun - A number of elegant experiments involving ???, and/or displacing birds to different geographical regions have shown that many birds use the sun, at least during the day, as a cue to direction when migrating or homing.

More clever experiments, some involving rearing birds in cages so that they have never seen the night sky, and/or putting them in a planetarium, have shown that many birds orient themselves by means of the stars, but not the moon or planets and that this ability is innate. Birds are known to stop migrating on cloudy nights.

Birds of prey, swallows and crows migrate by day. Thrushes, warblers, cuckoos and woodpeckers migrate by night. Wildfowl migrate both day and night.Most songbirds migrate at night.

There is believed to be some hormonal stimulus to migrate, resulting, at least in the spring, in the development of the gonads. Other stimuli appear to involve temperature, daylight/darkness ratios and an internal clock.

Bird Migration (The Where)
Migrations mostly consist of birds flying south for the winter and north in spring to breed. To a large extent this reflects the distribution of the continents on the planets. There is a lot more temperate and tundra landscape in the north than in the south.

Some east/west migrations occur. Hawfinches, Coccothroustes coccothroustes, breed in Russia but overwinter in Japan and Korea, and the Evening Grosbeak, C. respertina, migrates from New England where it overwinters to Michigan where it breeds. The White-winged Scotia breeds in central Canada, but winters on either coast.

Migrations to and from alpine areas are also not uncommon, such as the Mountain Quail, Oreortyx pictus, which breeds at heights up to 3000 metres, but overwinters below 1500 metres. Interestingly, the bird is flightless so it walks up and down the mountains in groups single file.

Much rarer are migrations the other way, but the Blue Grouse, Dendrogapus obscurus, manages this by nesting lower down and moving up to the fir forests of the Rockies for winter where it feeds on fir cones.

Though most migrations involve journeys to and from temperate, or tundra, regions, some wholly tropical to tropical migrations do occur, i.e. the Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher, Myiodynastes luteiventris, performs a small north/south migration within the tropics in Central America every year.

Penguins also migrate, but obviously do not fly but swim from winter quarters to summer ones and back.

Anatomy
Introduction

Birds are different to most mammals in a number of immediately obvious ways, they walk on two legs and have two wings, they have feathers instead of hair and a beak instead of jaws with teeth. The are also similar to us in some ways, they are warm blooded with a normal body temperature of around 40C, several degrees warmer than most mammals, they also have two eyes and two ears, though these are not normally visible. Most birds have little or no sense of smell. Birds have also had to evolve a compact body shape in order to facilitate flying. All the major skeletal differences between birds and their reptilian ancestors are a response to the requirements for flight.

The Bird Skeleton

All birds have the same basic plan, though different life styles have meant that they have evolved different variations on the central theme. Birds such as swans have more vertebrae in their necks than those like parrots who have very short necks. Swans have 25 vertebrae, parrots have 9. Necks are useful for getting your mouth to places you do not really want to take your whole body, like the bottom of a pond. They are also useful for turning your head, when your eyes are fixed deep in sockets, without having to turn your whole body. Most flightless birds, having no need of the large flight muscles, have therefore, no need of the large keel or sternum that flying birds have. The exception to this rule are penguins who effectively fly through the water with their modified wings and still need large muscles to power them.

Bird's inherited their basic skeleton from their reptilian ancestors. The constraints of flight however have meant that birds have had to modify it in several major ways. Flight means lifting the birds weight, so the first major consideration is reduction in weight. The lighter you are the easier it is to fly. The main ways birds have lost weight is through the loss of teeth and the large jaw bones needed to support teeth, the loss of nearly all the tail and reduction of the skull. Though a bird's major limb bones are hollow with internal struts for support, this makes them stronger not lighter; a bird's leg bones for example are often heavier than those of similar sized mammal or reptile.

The flapping of wings to achieve flight requires huge muscles and these muscles need to be solidly attached to the skeleton. They also to generate tremendous stresses in the skeleton when working. A bird gets around the first problem by having a greatly enlarged sternum sometimes called a keel or carina which we call the breast plate. This is missing in certain flightless birds such as the ratites (Emus and Ostriches etc.) It is also missing in Archeopteryx, however scientists believe that in the ratites the sternal keel has been lost as a result of the birds having adopted a flightless life style, whereas in Archeopteryx it had not evolved yet. The second problem is overcome by adding rigidity to the skeleton. The rigidity has been achieved by fusing groups of vertebrae, fusing the two collar bones to make what we call the 'wishbone' and by the addition of special lateral (sideways) growths on the ribs which rest against the next rib back and thus strengthening the whole ribcage. These extensions are called uncinate processes .

A bird's thorax is squat and compact in comparison with most other vertebrates - this brings the operation of both the legs and the wings closer to the centre of gravity allowing them to work more efficiently. This also gives a bird a better balance, important in both flight and bipedal (two legged) locomotion.

To keep their centre of balance when walking birds have evolved to have their equivalent of our thigh held permanently close to the body. The leg does not start to extend out from the body until after the knee joint which is never seen. The backward bending leg joint that you see in bird's legs when they are walking is the equivalent of our ankle. A bird's foot is the equivalent of the tips of our toes. Thus the part of a bird's leg that looks like its shin is actually the equivalent of the arch of our foot.

Feet
The stresses involved in landing and taking off, in running and in hunting mean that a variety of birds have relatively heavy and strong leg bones. Large raptors such as Eagles kill their prey with their feet and carry the prey considerable distances. When you look at a skeleton of an Eagle it is surprising how large the legs are. Ratites (Ostriches, Rheas and Emus) are large birds which run, rather then fly to escape predators, this means that they have been able to develop large heavy leg bones. The fundamental bones of a bird's leg are the femur, fibula,tibiotarsuss and tarsometatarsus. These are also called the femur, tibia and tarsus respectively in an external view of a bird's anatomy. Most birds have four toes. The first points backwards in most species and consists of a small metatarsal and one phalanx (toe bone). The second, third and fourth digits or toes are counted from the inside of the foot out and have 2, 3 and 4 phalanges respectively. The fifth toe is lost completely except in some birds where it has become a defensive spur, such as the chicken. The exact number of toes and their arrangement, as well as their proportions, varies from family to family with Ostriches having only 2 toes, while Rheas and Emus have three. The foot is a very important appendage for a bird being the only source of support when standing, walking and running on a variety of surfaces. It also is a means of propulsion in aquatic species, a major weapon in many predatory species and for some birds their equivalent of a hand, functioning to grasp and hold objects the bird wishes to manipulate, mostly during feeding.

The size and shape of the claws and the way the toes are arranged as well as the length of the toes and the degree of webbing are all dependent on what a bird uses its feet for and where it lives. Like a bird's bill or beak its feet reveal a lot about its lifestyle. Many birds have three toes forwards and one back, others have two forward and two back

Ducks, Geese and Swans all have medium length toes joined together by a web of skin to make an excellent paddle for rowing themselves through the water. They spread the toes on the back stroke to maximise the push then hold their toes together on the forward stroke in order to reduce resistance. Jacanas have extra long toes to help spread out their weight as they trot across theLillyy pads. Swifts have two toes that can be facing forward or backwardsopposedd to the first two as needed

Wings
Like the leg, the bones of the wing are recognisably evolved from a basic plan that can be found in all vertebrates, including mankind. The wing consists of a humerus which at one end is attached to the main thorax via the scapula, and at the other end to both ulna and the radius. Note that like us, birds have two bones in the lower part of the limb. The rest of the wing is composed of modified hand bones. The carpometacarpus, like the tarsometatarsus in the leg, is elongate forming the basis for the third major section of the bird's wing. The first digit is small, comprising 2 phalanges and arises from the carpometacarpus just out from the joint with the ulna. It supports the Alula. The second digit is again comprised of 2 phalanges, in this case larger and flatter as they extend the wing and support the primary flight feathers, as does the carpometacarpus and the Ulna. Flight feathers originating along the humerus are called secondaries. The third digit is very small, it arises, like the second at the distal end of the carpometacarpus and also helps support the primaries . It consists of only one phalanx. (Distal = furthest away from the body, proximal = the closest end of a limb to the main trunk of the body). The fourth and fifth digits of the hand have, like the fifth of the foot, been lost completely in birds, another weight saving feature.

Bird Identification
Bird watching should be distinguished from 'bird spotting' . The difference is that while a 'bird watcher' is interested in the beauty of the bird and its behaviour, a 'bird spotter' is only interested in collecting a set of ticks on a piece of paper. This does not mean that 'bird watchers' do not keep lists of what birds they have seen, most of them do, but the attitude is different.

Bird identification is for the most part easier than insect or spider identification say. Most birds can be identified by a combination of their image and a knowledge of the habitat they are in at the time. Bird watchers do not have to wade through incomprehensible keys. For most parts of the world there are now good colour guides to the local bird fauna. At the bottom of this page are some links to some lists of books, some may be out of date but it is well worth checking out a book sellers like Powell's as they have a huge range of both used and new books.

Wherever you are however some basic rules apply, the most important of which is learning to observe. You will need to know your way around the birds body, its topography. Learning the basic terminology makes life a lot easier, the difference between an 'eyestripe' which goes through the eye and a 'supercilium' which goes above the eye can be crucial. Click on the image to the right to obtain a larger version which you can save and study at your leisure. Also have a look at the wing image below. A very useful and enjoyable habit to develop is drawing in a note book. If you go out on a field trip and see one or more species of bird you are unfamiliar with making a quick sketch can make the difference between a successful identification and frustration. These drawings do not need to be works of art, though you will be surprised how much you improve if you keep at it. Drawing is also a good way of focusing your eye, of making yourself look at the bird. What shape is the tail, how long are the legs, how large is the bill in relationship to the head what colour is the eye, is there an eye ring? Asking yourself a series of questions like these will help you get into the habit of seeing the important diagnostic features. With a bit of luck the unrealistically coloured hypothetical bird below will help you with the basics.

Birds are not static objects, they move, hop, jump, walk and fly around the countryside. A birds general shape and the way it moves is its GIZ (GIS). Getting to know a birds giz can be very useful in helping you narrow down your options. Does it walk up trees or flit from branch to branch. Read up on, and observe, different flight patterns, birds fly in many different ways, watch them sometime you will be amazed. Watching birds fly is often an inspiring experience. Some birds make song flights always in a specific form, hovering or descending in a particular way. Other birds sing from definite parts of a tree, some from the top some from lower down, some form within the shrubbery. Finally read what your bird guide says about distribution, if the bird you think you have I identified only occurs in Florida and places south of there and you are in Oregon it is most likely you have not got the correct bird. Remember birds migrate so sometime they are only in your area for a few months of the year.

Birds are often far away, relative to our eyesight. For this reason binoculars and birdwatching telescopes are readily available. Sometimes the choice is bewildering and the advice confusing. The simplest advice I can give is to say work out your budget and then try out what is available. Do not be in a hurry, give yourself time to shop around. Remember, for most people this is a reasonably expensive outlay, especially telescopes, and you will be stuck with what you buy for many years. With binoculars do not go for huge magnifications and zooms these are hard to told steady and generally have lower quality optics. Look for how much light they let in. Basically the larger the diametre of the front lens the more light you will have on the image. Remember you will not always be using your binoculars in good clear weather. A rain-guard is a useful addition. Stick to magnifications of between X7 and X10 anything larger becomes unwieldy. Higher magnifications also mean less light on the image you eye receives. Finally buy your binoculars first and get used to doing a bit of birding before you think of buying a telescope. I will review some equipment here if I can get the manufacturers to send me some.

Bird Behaviour
Bird behaviour is undoubtedly for me the most fascinating aspect of studying them. Birds are often intelligent, and creative in there behaviours, having a wide range of stereotypic actions that combine to build up their behaviour. There are many aspects of bird behaviour that are fun to learn about and then observe, in a page like this I will at best be able to scrape the surface of this subject and hope it will leave you hungry for more so that you will search out the source material and open for yourself a lifetime of wonder.

Bird Flight
The fact that birds fly is one of the most amazing things about them. The sight of crows or ravens playing in the wind, of seagulls gliding effortlessly along seashore or of buzzards soaring silently about the countryside always inspires me.
There is no doubt that if I had the ability to change into another animal, something other than a human being I would be a bird simply because of the incredible wonder of flight on a sunny day.
Birds are the ultimate flying machines, though insects have been doing it for longer and in many cases are more versatile; their small size makes the physics of it much easier. Birds fly far better than any machinery mankind has yet made and like our machines they use their wings and tails in a variety of ways to achieve their expertise.

Bird flight is dependent on the shape of the birds wings and the way they use them. Generally, bird flight can be divided into two modes of functioning, i.e. gliding or soaring flight, and flapping or powered flight.
Wing Shape

The dynamics of bird flight like all physical actions are governed by the laws of physics. In its simplest expression, flying is a balance between two sets of forces. lift and weight, and thrust and drag. Weight is the result of gravity and is reduced as much as possible in birds (see anatomy). Lift is generated by the flow of air over the wings.

The red line is the leading edge, the air first hits the wing here. It travels up over the green line and then down the back of the wing where it leaves the wing at the blue line, the trailing edge.
Basically, birds wings are not flat but are shaped like an aerofoil - concave. Air passes over or under the wing as the bird moves forward, or as the wind blows. The air that moves over the top of the wing has further to travel to get across the wing, thus it speeds up. This causes the pressure to drop because the same amount of air is exerting its pressure over a greater area. Therefore, any given point experiences less pressure. This effectively sucks the wing up. Meanwhile the air going below the wing experiences the opposite effect. It slows down, generates more pressure and effectively pushes the wing up. Hence a bird with air moving over its wings is pulled up from above and pushed up from below. The more curved the aerofoil the greater the lift providing the degree of curve does not impede the flow of air.

This is not the end of the story though, because the air passing over the wings and the rest of the body creates drag. This is the resistance the air gives to anything passing through it. The faster you move the more drag you experience because you come into contact with more air per second (or other unit of time). Thirdly, because nature does tend to even things out, the low pressure air on top of the wings represents a sink that the high pressure air under the wing seeks to move towards, a bit like water running down hill. This happens most along the thin trailing edges of the wing and causes a spiralling vortex of disturbance at the wing tip. These spiralling vortices increase drag, therefore, the most efficient wings are those which supply lift while reducing drag. In practice this means the crescent shaped wings of swallows and swifts.

However, birds use flight in different ways, some are on the wing most of the time, while others make only short flights from one perch to another. Also birds live in different habitats which generate different aerodynamic problems. It is not surprising then that birds of different species have different shaped wings.

Changing the shape of a wing gives it different aerodynamic properties. One way to assess these properties is to measure what is called the 'aspect ratio'. This is the ratio of wing area2 divided by wing breadth. Long wings are better for gliding but harder to flap quickly and are therefore not much good at quick acceleration. Another way is to look at flight capabilities is to look at 'Wing Loading', this can show the differences between birds with similar wing shapes but different sizes. Wing loading is the relationship between total body mass and total wing area, it is expressed as grams of body mass over centimetres squared of wing area. Thus the Long-tailed Hornbill (Tockus albocristatus) which weighs 297gram, has an aspect ratio of 4.65 and a wing loading of only 0.175 has light buoyant flight while the Yellow-casqued Wattled Hornbill (Ceratogymna elata) which weighs 2100grams, has an aspect ratio of 4.53 but a wing loading of 0.709 has much heavier and more laboured flight.
Four different basic wing shapes include:

1) Resident passerine or pheasant - wings like this have a low aspect ratio of around 3.0 to 6.0 and allow their owners to explode into flight suddenly and are quite adequate for relatively slow powered flight, but not good for gliding;

2) Waders have medium length wings with an aspect ratio of around 12.5, they also tend to be pointed and directed backwards after the first half. These wings are shower to take off, but allow for a faster top speed and a little gliding. They are good for long distance migrants;

3) Eagles and Vultures have broad, long wings with an aspect ratio of around 9.3 and the feathers at the ends separate out into fingers which help with minute controls (like aerofoils) while the birds are gliding. These are basically terrestrial birds riding high above the ground using a variety of updrafts to avoid flapping;

4) Albatrosses have long, thin wings with an aspect ratio of around 13.8 and higher and no fingers. These are good for gliding over the sea, close to the surface, using small changes in wind direction to maximum advantage. These four examples pinpoint the extremes and among the 9703 species of known birds, wings with many similarities but numerous small variations can be found.
Non-flapping Flight or Gliding

Many soaring or gliding birds appear to hang in the air effortlessly, gaining height with barely a twitch of a wing. These are birds like Vultures, large raptors, Pelicans and Storks with a high lift to drag ratio. Essentially this means that their wings generate a lot of lift without producing much drag. Large birds have evolved to be gliders partly because gliding becomes easier the larger your wings are and obviously small birds cannot have large wings. Secondly, the mechanics of flapping flight become harder to attain the larger you get. This is all related to the fact that mass increases far faster than length. A bird twice as long as another is on average 4 times as heavy. There are other physical constraints to do with the musculature needed to actually flap the wings and the strength needed in the bones to withstand the stresses that these muscles generate. Remember, 'for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction'. Understanding physics is important in biology, however, if all this is a bit complicated just remember that big birds with big wings make better gliders than small birds with small wings.

As an example, Fulmars are excellent flyers. I always enjoy them as they soar around the sea cliffs of Devon. They are excellent gliders and can ride right up to their nests on their stiff unmoving wings. However, Vultures are much much better. A Fulmar in still air can glide quite efficiently, losing only 1 metre in height for every 8.5 metres it travels. The American Black Vulture, however, can glide 22 metres for the loss of only 1 metre in height. This means that an American Black Vulture 501 metres up in the air can, if the air is still, glide 1.1 kilometres or 2/3 of a mile before he hits the ground.

The air is seldom still however and wind changes everything, facing in to the wind you get lift without doing anything but go nowhere while travelling with the wind you get fast forward movement but loss of lift. Physical obstructions like cliffs, mountains and large buildings all cause disturbances in air movement, including updrafts of air. Over some lands the air is heated by reflection and radiation from the sun-heated earth. This produces the thermal updrafts that many of the large birds mentioned earlier use to keep themselves aloft.

Over the sea, large physical objects and thermal updrafts are very rare. Instead, Albatrosses and their kin use small local updrafts caused by the wind meeting the waves. These updrafts are small and temporary, so sea birds fly close to the sea's surface, often riding along one wave catching the air that rises over it before switching quickly to another. In this way, their flight is a zigzag from one lot of rising air to the next.
Flapping Flight
Flapping flight is a more complicated process. The bird's wing changes shape during both the up and down stroke. It also changes its angle of attack depending on how much it presses down and how much it pushes backwards. Flapping flight is basically rowing in the air with the added complication that it needs to generate lift as well. If a Blue Tit stops flapping its wings it better be about to land on a branch or it will fall to the ground.

Wing loading is another important way of assessing how and how well a bird flies. Wing loading is the ratio of wing area to weight.

Feather Care
Feathers are of ultimate importance to birds, and though they can be replaced, if they are to function properly they have to be kept in good condition. Individual feathers are frail things and birds spend a considerable amount of time caring for them. In many water birds the plumage (i.e. all the feathers) is waterproof. In some species this waterproofing is assisted by oil supplied by special glands 'uropygial glands'. The birds apply the oil to their feathers during preening. An action you often see birds performing and which involves the bird using its bill to manipulate its feathers to ensure they are all zipped up and lying flat, one on the other like tiles on a roof of a house. In fact, practised birdwatchers are aware that the two most common activities you can observe in birds are feather care (grooming) and feeding/foraging. There are two main activities involved in feather care:- Preening and Bathing and several minor ones Sunning, Anting.
Preening

Preening is the simplest and most common of feather care activities. It involves two different actions, nibbling and stroking. All other feather care activities seem to be a prelude to preening, or at least end in a bout of preening. Preening serves the function of returning feathers to their correct position and form and often involves the addition of oil to the feathers from the Uropygial gland. Wiping is simply wiping the feathers with the bill, pressing them into place and perhaps spreading some oil over them. Nibbling is a more serious attempt to put the feathers back into pristine condition. The bird uses its bill to nibble along the edges of feathers straightening them out and ensuring the barbules are all zipped up.

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Bathing

Nearly all birds have been observed bathing, most are seen to do so regularly. Scientists have observed birds bathe in several different ways. Some birds like sparrows simply splash a little water around at the edge of a pond or pool, others like robins get deeper into the water and flick their wings open, spread their tail feathers and at the same time dip their head and shoulder under the water throwing water back over their bodies. Babblers simply jump into and out of the water source over and over again, while Kingfishers plunge down into the water and spread their feathers. Swifts and swallows flight bathe by flying so low over the water that they actually dip into the water for a very short time. Water birds also bathe and ducks and gulls can often be observed thrashing around in the water or making similar wings' spread head dipping movements while resting on the water that robins use when standing in a pond edge. Parrots bathe in the rain while hornbills and other birds use the dew to have an early morning bathe.

Where water is scarce birds use dust to bathe in. This may seem silly at first, but if you think about it, a dry powder is easy to shake out of your clothes, but sticky plant resins or animal juices from prey items and other organic wastes are not. By bathing in dust, birds can remove this sort of material because each particle of dust absorbs just a little gunk before it is shaken off. Cleaning is so important to birds that sparrows on the desert edge have been observed to dust bathe in a bowl of sugar when no dust was available. Whatever the sort of bathing used, it is only a prelude to preening which is a constant job for a bird.

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Sunning

Birds in various climates and all around the world indulge in sunning. This can be anything from simply standing with their backs to the sun with their feathers rustled up to expose the skin below, to a full sunbathing posture with wings and tail feathers spread out to maximise the area open to the sun. Some birds such as pigeons will be on one side and raise a wing to the sun. Whatever the exact action, like 'smoke bathing' the causes, or benefits to the bird are a matter of supposition. Obviously, in many cases the birds get warmth from the sun which reduces the amount of metabolic energy they have to expend in order to maintain a constant body temperature of around 40 degrees C.

However, some birds sunbathe in temperatures which are quite hot, in such circumstances sunbathing appears to leave them over-heated as they can be seen panting. Therefore, some scientists have theorised that the sun's warmth is important in helping dislodge feather parasites, or that the ultra-violet in sunlight helps turn some precursor molecule in the preening oil into vitamin D and that the bird's need this vitamin. It is known that these precursor molecules exist in preening oil and that ultra-violet light will stimulate the conversion into vitamin D. What is not known is how well this happens on the bird's body and how important the amount of vitamin D created would be to the bird.
A Note on Precursor Molecules

Complex molecules such as vitamins are built up from various components and normally have a set pathway of changes they go through before becoming the final product. This final product can later be a step on route to another molecule. In this way our bodies build components out of a mechano-like set of basic units. A precursor molecule is one which is only one or two steps from a given end product.

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Anting

Perhaps some of the strangest behaviour indulged in by birds is Anting. Anting occurs in two different forms and for the sake of this essay it does not always involve ants.

Most anting, however, does involve ants and over 250 different species of birds have been recorded displaying this behaviour at one time or another. Anting occurs either as active anting, in which the bird picks an ant up and applies it to its plumage, or passive anting. Normally, the ant during active anting will be stroked along the feathers, usually the flight feathers. Starlings (Sternus vulgaris) actively seek out Formicine ants which suggests that the ants' ability to spray formic acid is an important consideration. It has been observed by many people that during anting the birds appear to get exceedingly excited. After the ant has been applied to the feathers it is either discarded or eaten. Other active anting birds are Babblers, Tanagers and Weavers.

Passive anting involves the bird finding an ants' nest and lying down among the ants. This process often likened to bathing in ants is not as well studied as active anting. Birds which are passive anters include the European Jay, Crows and Waxbills.

Because life loves diversity, Blackbirds, Redwings and other thrushes exercise a flexible strategy, being either passive or active anters as the occasion or some unknown need takes them. Strangest of all perhaps is the Grey Thrush of Japan which is a passive anter which goes throughout the actions of an active anter, but without any ants in its bill.

Finally, birds have also been observed to indulge in anting behaviour using objects that are not ants such as mothballs and apple peel.

What actually happens during anting is easy to observe and record, especially as many birds will display anting activity in captivity if offered ants. A more difficult question to answer is why. In truth nobody seems really sure what birds get out of anting. People have theorised that the ants help rid the birds of pests like feather mites and louse flies, other theories suggest that the anting is just a way of getting the ant to discharge its store of formic acid before eating it. The trouble with this idea is that it doesn't explain passive anting. Scientific evidence supporting the pest control theory is hard to find. However, it is known that ants are only eaten after they have discharged all of their acid. It is not unreasonable to assume that active anting as we see it today evolved from a detoxifying action to make ants edible but gave the added benefit of pest control to some extent. Nature often likes to perform several roles with one action and though scientists like to understand the order of importance and/or the order of origination of an action this is not always easy to achieve.

Perhaps related to anting, but even more bizarre is 'smoke bathing'. Birds such as Rooks have been observed standing on smoking chimneys with their wings spread open in a similar posture to some birds when anting. Birds have also been seen to use smoking cigarette butts for anting. On other occasions both houses and trees have been set alight by birds taking live cigarettes back to their nests. No-one really knows why.

The Sense of Smell and Bird Noses
Whether birds have a sense of smell or not has been a much debated question by ornithologists. Modern data based on experiments and anatomy of both the nasal cavities and the olfactory lobes of the brain suggest that most birds have practically no sense of smell. The exceptions are Kiwis which have poor eyesight and hunt worms using their sense of smell. Several species of tubenoses which can detect the smells of fish oils floating on the surface of the sea, allowing them to find schools of fish or anchovies because their messy feeding causes an oily scum to form on the surface of the sea. The third group of birds definitely known to use smell to locate food are the vultures - both old world and new world species have been shown to find carcasses by smell to varying degrees. Other groups of birds with well developed olfactory lobes, but for which the actual evidence of the use of smell to locate prey is lacking, include various waders, many water birds, nightjars and swifts.

Most birds have two external nostrils or 'nares' situated near the base of the top mandible of their bills. In species of tubenoses (Shearwaters, Albatrosses, Petrels, etc) these are accompanied by large external growths, in other birds they are inconspicuous. In Kiwis the nostrils are situated near the tip of the bill not the base and in Gannets the external openings are closed - they have alternative openings on the inside of the the upper mandible of the bill.

Birds breathe through these nostrils which lead the air into a series of three internal nasal cavities. These purify the air of dust, etc, and humidity before it enters the respiratory system thus preventing damage to the delicate tissues of the lungs.

Birds as Builders of Homes
Birds, far more than any other animal besides man, are notable for their tendency to build a home in which to raise their young, and in some cases to use all year round.

Birds are not the only animals to make a nest; fishes, mammals, insects and spiders also build nests, sometimes quite complex ones, for rearing young and for their own general protection. For the extent of this page we will define a nest as anything constructed by a bird or where a bird lays its eggs. This is the broadest possible definition and allows us to discuss the full extent of bird nesting habits.

Bird nests range from non-existent to extensive, multi-chambered apartments which can be fully weatherproof and may last for years or even decades. Nests come in a wide range of categories, the following groups cover most nests you will find. Some of these 12 categories are quite small, others are large containing a huge diversity:

Before building a nest the pair have to decide on where to build. This is called 'nest site selection' behaviour. Different species go about this in various ways, in many species both partners work together to decide on the site. Birds in this category include many gulls. In some species, though the pair work together the female takes a definite lead on the proceedings, i.e. Blackbirds, Turdus merula, and surprisingly the Red-necked Phalarope Phaleropus lobatus. This is surprising because once the site has been chosen the female lays her eggs and departs, leaving the male to do all the incubation. In other species such as the Dunnock, Prunella modularis, the female chooses the site and builds the nest. In contrast, with Blue tits, Parus caerulea, European Sparrows, Passer domesticus, and Wrens, Troglodytes troglodytes, it is the male who chooses the site and then tries to attract the female to it. The male Wren is a bit of a workaholic and builds several nets, normally 4 or 5, but up to 12. The female chooses one of these and the male uses another to roost in. Just to prove that variety is the spice of life, Scottish Crossbills, Loxia pinicola, show no definite patterns. In some couples the male leads, in others the female.

The second behavioural activity is material collection and building. These range from 'sideways throwing' - a simple single movement to get nesting material to the nest, this is limited to ground nesters only. 'Sideways building' is similar but involves more care in the placing of the material and results in a better constructed nest. Sideways throwing and sideways building are exhibited by many ducks, geese, gulls, petrels, pheasants swans and waders.

Physically carrying material to the nest site is the next step up and is carried out by all the remaining nest building birds. At the simplest it is shown by penguins carrying a stone in their bills few metres to the nest site. At its most complex it involves birds searching out for particular substances such as cobwebs and feathers to bring to the nest.

Once material is brought to the site it needs to be incorporated into the nest. For ground nesting species this can be as simple as just picking it up. For tree nesting species, it usually involves some degree of interweaving the individual items until they form some sort of matrix. This can be fairly straight forward in the platform nests of pigeons, but reaches great sophistication in the weavers where material is actually sown together, where a considerable degree of manipulatory skill is needed. Whatever the type of nest, watching a bird build one is a fascinating and rewarding experience.
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Architecture but not Nests

Finally there are structures built by birds which do not really fit into any of the above categories, because they are not nests, these are the bowers of the various species of Bowerbird.

Male Bowerbirds build structures which though often involving great effort are not actually nests. These bowers, built by 14 of the 18 known species of Bowerbird are stages or advertisements. They are built to attract females which presumably are attracted to larger more ornate structures and which judge a male on his collection of treasures. The real nest is built by the female after she has been mated by her chosen male and she incubates the eggs and raises the young on her own while the male stays with his bower to try and attract more females. Bowerbirds build different sorts of bowers even within one species. Different populations build different designs and collect different 'treasures'. Some simple bowers consist of an avenue of twigs which the male bird walks up and down to display himself to the female. Some of these may have the sticks painted with yellow, brown or purple plant juices.

More complicated bowers involve towers of sticks and display arenas on which the male arranges his collection of treasures and around which he displays himself. Treasures include feathers, particularly blue ones, snail shells, beetle wings and heads, bones, flowers and anything else which takes the bird's fancy which may include man-made objects such as silver spoons, car keys, gun cartridges, tin mugs, buttons and other colourful scraps of material.

The most impressive bower is built by the Vogelkop Gardener Bowerbird (Amblyornis inornatus) from New Guinea which in some areas builds a huge open-fronted roofed hut up to 2.2 m tall and 2 or more metres across. This structure is built by a bird the size of a Song Thrush.

Australasian Bowerbirds are not the only birds to build structures that are not ever destined to be nests. Others include the Tooth-billed Cat Bird (Scenopoeetes dentirostris), also from Australia, and Jackson's Whydah (Euplectes jacksoni) from Kenya and Tanzania. Both of these make structures which are quite simple in comparison with some of the bowers described above. Cat birds line a 1-2 m arena with upside down fresh leaves which they cut from vegetation with their toothed bill. Jackson's Whydah is a leking species in which each male has a personal arena about 1 m across with a pseudo-nest. Mating normally takes place during inspection of the pseudo-nest by the female. Like all leking species the female builds the true nest later, incubates the eggs and raises the young on her own.

No Nest

Fairy TernThe simplest nest of course is no nest at all. Quite a few birds do not build any nest at all, though they do make a choice of where to lay. Beyond this is a simple scrape in the ground. Nightjars (Caprimulgidae) do not make even a scrape. They lay their two eggs directly onto the ground. While Short-eared Owls, Asio flammeus, lay simply on some trampled vegetation. Many waders, such as Plovers, lay in a simple scrape on bare ground, relying on the cryptic colouration of their eggs to protect them from predation.

Some of the more unusual examples of no nest laying include the Potoos, Nyctibius spp., which lay their single egg on top of a broken off tree stump. The bird then sits on top of the stump with its head pointing to the sky. In this position it looks like an extension of the dead timber. It generally chooses stumps of similar diameter to itself. Even trickier are the 'nests' of Fairy Terns, Sterna nereis, another species which lays only one egg. The egg is laid on a branch on a rock face, generally on an area too small to support 2 eggs. Laying the egg in a position where it won't roll off is tricky and young birds often lose their first attempts before they get the hang of choosing a safe spot. Fairy Terns have two adaptations to help them survive this seemingly precarious nesting habit - The adults have evolved to be very careful when settling on and getting off the egg - both sexes incubate the egg. The second adaptation is that young Fairy Terns have disproportionally large feet and very sharp claws which help them hang on.

The master of no nest nesting, however, has to be the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri). These birds nest in the Antarctic during winter when the temperature can fall to less than -30 degrees C. They nest well inland and when the female has laid the single egg she leaves for the coast to feed. Meanwhile the male has immediately taken over care for the egg by moving it up onto the top of his feet. He has special folds of skin on his belly which enfold the egg keeping it safe against all the severity of the elements. Here he stays, a living nest with an egg on his feed for the next 60 days without a meal or much movement until his mate returns and the egg hatches. During this time he has maintained the internal temperature of the egg at 40 degrees C, as much as 80 degrees C higher than the surrounding ambient temperature.

Simple Nests

Simple nests are constructed of either plant material, normally sticks or stones. They are quite common and like no nest nesters all the birds that use them are non-passerines.

The best example of a simple stone nest is that of Adelie Penguins. The nest is basically a mound of stones which serves as protection against flooding.

Most simple nests, however, are made of sticks and twigs built into a simple platform, which though it may have a depression in the middle and be quite extensive does not really have an inside and outside.

A common example of a simple platform nest are those constructed by many doves and pigeons. Those, like that of the Ruddy Quail Dove, Geotrygon montana, are often a simple lattice with just enough twigs to support the egg. In these cases the egg can often be seen through the nest from beneath. Sometimes a flimsy lining of grass and rootlets may be added and in some cases the lining may be more complete. Another bird which builds a simple platform is the Hoatzin from S. America. Another well known example of a platform nest and one which is more substantial than a pigeon's is that of the European White Stork, Ciconia ciconia, which has for centuries nested on chimneys and specially erected platforms across Europe. More complicated than the previous nests, it consists of sticks interwoven then plastered to some extent with mud. A depression in the middle is often lined with grass or paper.

Mute Swans' (Cygnus olor)nests are an example of a different form of simple nest construction. No material is carried to the nest. Instead, once the site is chosen and the vegetation flattened, the eggs are laid and the female swan builds up the nest around her by dragging material within reach to her so that eventually it forms a rampart around her.

Other birds which build simple nests include many gulls and herons. The most spectacular nests in this category are those built by various eagles. Most build in trees and the nests of the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)in N. America can be so heavy that they damage the tree supporting them. The largest nests on record, however, are those of the Golden Eagle, Aquila chrysaetos, which tend to build a new nest on top of the previous year's nest, resulting in huge structures often containing more than a ton of material. Fortunately, Golden Eagles prefer rocky alpine crags as nest sites which can often support these massive structures more easily than a tree. Golden Eagles are known to adorn their nests with sprigs of green boughs throughout the nesting season, well after the young have hatched. Many of the foremost researchers believe that this is evidence of a rudimentary aesthetic sense.

Cup-shaped Nests

The next step up from a simple platform nest is a cup-shaped nest. These are the most numerous form of nest and one that most people consider a typical nest. They are distinguishable because they have a definite inside as well as an outside and the inside is normally lined. They require more effort to make but convey more protection to the eggs and young birds.

Cup-shaped nests can be built in a variety of places, but normally they are built in trees. Often the simplest form is wedged into a 'Y'-shape division of a branch, but many birds bind or cement them directly to a bough.

Simple Cup NestThe smallest cup-shaped nests belong to the Humming birds and Woodstars which build perfectly shaped thimble sized nests of moss and cobwebs. Often the female bird flies during the whole construction, hovering here and there while building up the shape. Different birds' nests take different lengths of time to build. Some are completed in a day, others take 2-3 weeks to complete.

Cup-shaped nests are often built of a mixture of substances. Redwings, Turdus iliacus, build nests of leaves, grasses and fine twigs cemented together and then lined with moss and feathers. Not all cup-shaped nests have a soft lining though. The female Song Thrush, Turdus philomelos, lines her nest with mud, dung and rotten wood all of which is cemented together to form a very hard inner surface.

The other extreme to the delicate nest of the Humming birds are the large scraggly looking structures built by crows. The initial outside of the nest, built of twigs and grass cemented together with mud, is larger than the adult bird. Within this rough exterior a deep cup lined with moss and feathers is made. Crows' Corvus corone nests often look rough and ready, but inside they are warm and comfortable. Crows build very well and their nests last for several years, but unlike the closely related but larger Raven Corvus corax, they never reuse a nest. Other birds, like Kestrels Falco tinnunculus, are happy to use them once the crow has finished with them.

Enclosed Nests

Enclosed nests are basically an extended cup nest where the basic cup has deeper walls and a roof, with an entrance hole. Domed or enclosed nests would seem to offer more protection for the eggs and young than a simple cup. In some cases they obviously do, and they also supply better protection from the elements, though there is not much scientific evidence to support the theory that they offer better protection from predators. As with all these categories of nests there is a gradient of complexity and quality among domed nests. The simplest have only a loose roof like those of the Chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita, or a separate roof constructed about the dome such as the nest of the Magpie, Pica pica. Wrens and Dipper build more solid domes.

Hammercop on NestMany domed nests are very intricate and solidly constructed. They may be small and beautiful such as the nests of the Long-tailed Tit, Aegithalos caudatus, which camouflages the outside with lichens and lines the inside with hundreds of thousands of feathers. The largest and most spectacular domed nests belong to the Hammerkop, Scopus umbretta. These birds build a huge dome of over 8000 sticks which can be 2 m high and nearly 2 m wide. This nest is easily strong enough to withstand a man walking across the top of it. They have a long entrance tunnel and are the avian equivalent of a fortress.

A more unusual example of a domed nest is the nest of the Rufous-breasted Castle Builder, Synallaxis crythrothorax, which creates a dumbbell-shaped nest with a tube connecting both chambers, only one of which is used to rear the young.

Hanging and Woven Nests

Hanging nests, particularly woven ones are perhaps the most admirable of bird architecture. They certainly look very beautiful and most require great skill on behalf of the bird to build.

The simplest hanging nests are cup-nests slung from an overhead bough by a few cobweb supports such as the nests of the Goldcrest, Regulus regulus, the Fire Crest, Regulus ignicapillus, and various White Eyes Zosteropidae.

An interesting variation is the hanging cup nest of the Hummingbird (Planalto Hermit), Phaethornis pretrei, which has only a single support cable for its nest. To help keep it stable it has a streamer of grass and cobwebs hanging down below the nest.

Other birds which build hanging nests include the Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus, the Fantailed Warbler, Cisticola juncidis, and the Rock Warbler, Origma rubricata, though this last species is not technically speaking a warbler.

Better known than these are the hanging, often on mass, nests of the Icteridae and Oriolidae. There are nearly 100 species of weaver birds renowned for their carefully woven hanging nests. These nests tend to be either hung from the tip of a branch or leaf, or suspended between two twigs. They are globular in shape with a single entrance hole. Apart form globular nests, weaver Birds also construct kidney-shaped nests and retort-shaped nests are basically globular nests with an entrance tunnel. Whatever their shape, nearly all weavers make their nests out of grass and the nests are truly woven with the bird moving from side to side, poking part of the strand of grass through the wall from the side and then pulling it completely through from the other.

Holes in the Ground

Many birds nest on the ground with nests of varying degrees of complexity but far fewer nest within holes in the ground. Nesting in holes would seem to be a better strategy than nesting in the open. One survey of over 180,000 eggs revealed that where non-hole nesters averaged 50% rearing success, hole nesters averaged 70%. Two main sorts of holes can be distinguished; those which open onto a cliff edge or a vertical edge of a river bank, and those holes in relatively flat ground. A second plane of division is between those birds which dig their own holes and those which make use of other people's.

Commonly recognised birds which nest in cliff edge holes include House Martins (Delichon urbica)and Sand Martins (Riparia riparia)and the widely distributed European Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis). Other Kingfishers such as the Malachite Kingfisher, Alcedo cristata, several parrots in the S. American genus Conure and the Ground Woodpecker, (Geocoloptes obroceus) of S. Africa also nest in cliff edges. More unusual are D'Arnoud's Barbet, (Trachyphorus darnoudii), and the White-whiskered Soft-wing, (Malacoptila panamensis), which nest in holes dug into flat ground. These sorts of nests may all be lined to some extent and are generally dry well-protected homes.

Excavating your own holes, of course, is hard work and many birds are happy to take possession of someone else's efforts. Thus the Shelduck, (Tadorna tadorna), among several ducks, and the Manx Shearwater, prefer to nest in abandoned rabbit holes. Not as pleasant as this, Cinclodes sp. and Sharp-tailed Stream Creeper's (Lochmias nematura)nest in rodent burrows. In the latter case the burrows are often in the edges of open sewers giving the bird the nickname 'President of Filth' in Brazilian shanty towns.

Holes in Wood

Mud or earth, of course, is not the only place to make a hole and many birds nest in holes found or excavated in trees, cacti and even in termite nests.

Making a nest in a hole that already exists in a tree is not really an architectural feat as it involves little effort on the bird's behalf. Still, holes in trees, alive or dead, make excellent nest sites and numerous bird use them. Some, like the Blue tit, Parus caerulea, and several of its relatives, Redstarts (Phoenicurus phoenicurus), the common Starling, Sturnus vulgaris, and many of its relatives, as well as various Flycatchers use existing holes to nest in, making very little modification to the hole except to supply some lining as nest material. Others, like the many hole nesting Parrots and Nuthatches, will modify existing holes to varying degrees. Fewer birds excavate their own holes in trees, but of those that do the woodpeckers, with their impressive hammer-drill impersonations are by far the best known.

However, the prize for champion tree hole nester has to go to the various species of Hornbills, Bucerotiformes. These large birds, with the exception of the two species of African Ground Hornbill, all nest in hollows in trees. This is no simple matter. The Great Indian Hornbill is a large bird, nearly a metre from bill-tip to tail-end, which likes to nest between 20-45 metres up the tree trunk so can only nest in trees which have a diameter greater than 1-2 metres at this height. Trees this large are now rare in many forests putting serious pressure on the breeding capability of these birds.

Both males and females help excavate the hole which needs to be quite extensive to house the female and several chicks for some weeks. Once the hole is large enough to accommodate the female, she gets inside and helps the male wall up the entrance with a mixture of guano, woodchips and mud. The female will remain in the hole until the young are ready to fledge. Only a small slit will be left in the mud wall to allow the male to feed the female and her young. During this time she will not only raise the chicks in great security but also moult all her feathers in one go. Hornbills are long-lived birds and mate for life, so the male has a considerable vested interest in keeping the female well-fed.

Nesting in holes may be secure form many predators and much of the weather, but it has one drawback. The warm, humid conditions make ideal breeding conditions for various avian pests and nest parasites such as bird and feather lice, ticks an fleas. With a captive food supply in the young birds, parasite loads in nest holes build up rapidly. Hornbills never use the same hole twice and the need to escape these pests may have something to do with this.

Other favourite sites for nest holes are cacti, many of which grow as large as small trees, and termite nets. Each of these provides an interesting example of commensualism. Firstly, the Orange-fronted Parakeet (Cyanoramphus malherbi) of Central America nests almost exclusively in mounds built by Nasutitermes termites. Unlike other birds, mammals, etc, which nest in termite mounds, Orange-fronted Parakeets do not have the nest hole sealed off from the rest of the termite mound. Soldier termites can wander around the nest and workers remove the young birds' faeces and any parasites they can find. Obviously, this is good for the Parakeet, but what the termites get out of it, no-on knows for sure.

The second relationship is quite amazing. The Gila Woodpecker (Melanerpes uropygialis) nests in holes which it excavates in the famous Giant Saguaro cactus of N. America. In the same hole with it, nests the Elf Owl (Micrathene whitneyi). The Elf Owl is tolerated because it has the amazing habit of catching Western Blind snakes and bringing them alive back to the nest. The snakes are insectivores so benefit by having a cosy home and free food in the form of avian parasites. The woodpecker benefits because it gets a reduced parasite loading, thus improving the health of its young. The Owl gets not only a reduced parasite loading and a free nest site but also protection for its young while it is hunting at night when the woodpecker is roosting in the hole.

Mound Nest

One of the strangest nesting habits is that followed by the Megapodes. On Saro in the Solomon Islands, come nesting time the already mated female Scrub Hens leave the forest where they have lived all year and come down to the beach to look for an area of sand known as a geu. In a geu the sand is heated form below by geothermal energy as well as from above by the sun. Into this sand the females dig a hole about 60 cm (2 ft) deep, and after testing the temperature of the sun with special heat sensors on their tongues (about 33 degrees C is best), they lay their eggs and fill the hole in. The females then return to the forest and expend no further effort on their offspring's behalf.

This and similar systems by other Megapodes such as the use of hot springs on Celebes and rotting tree stumps on other Solomon Islands involve no building effort at all. However, these facilities are not always available and in Australia and Papua New Guinea various Megapodes use the heat generated by composting organic matter to hatch their eggs. These incubator composts can be huge and require a large input of effort on the bird's behalf.

Malleefowl have the most complex nesting habits of all the Megapodes. A male will commence constructing an incubation mound months before the breeding season. He first scrapes a hole in the ground (Megapodes = big feed) about 0.5 m (1.5 ft) deep. On top of this he piles all the vegetation he can find, as well as nearby topsoil. The resulting mound will be about 5 m (16 ft) across and 1m (3 ft) high. Similar, but slightly less complex nesting rituals are shown by the Scrubfowl whose ancient nests may be 12 m (36 ft) across and 5 m (16 ft) high. Also similar are Brush Turkeys, Alectura lathami, whose nests are similar in size to a Malleefowl. Less evolved species such as the Moluccan Megapode, Eulipoa wallacei, simply dig a hole in the soil, lay the eggs and then cover them up. No further control is exercised.

(Floating) Aquatic Nests

Though a number of birds build their nests at the water's edge, several groups build them out in the water. Coots build nests which though surrounded by water have a foundation of vegetation, which reaches the ground below. Interestingly the Horned Coot, Fulica cornuta, which breeds on mountain lakes in the Andes where water weed is scarce, build a foundation of stones nearly to water level before building the actual nest. More adventurous are various grebes. Grebes build the nests in shallow water, and though they are often anchored at one or two points they are basically floating on the water. This is necessary because grebes which are primarily water birds are very clumsy on land and find life works better if they can swim right onto the nest.

Coot NestTwo other groups of birds build nests which are completely afloat. These are the Jacanas (Lily Trotters) which build extremely flimsy nests which often sink into the water while the bird is sitting. Fortunately, the eggs are waterproof so getting dunked regularly does them no harm. The others are the 3 species of Marsh Terns (eg, the Black Tern, Chilodonias niger) which build nests of broken reeds in water up to 120 cm (4 ft) deep. These nests are sometimes anchored to nearby vegetation.

Mud Nests

Mud is often a common resource and it makes sense that birds somewhere should have evolved to use it for nest building. Flamingos are well known and colourful birds which build very basic nests of mud. In the middle of the soda lakes of Africa, you can find both species building up piles of mud and faeces. These structures are basically a hollow mound with a depression in the centre. They are not built all at once, but some mud is built up above water level and as this dries more is put on top. They can be as much as 45 cm (1.5 ft) high. There is no lining in these nests except the mud.

Many birds build cup-shaped mud nests which rest on boughs of trees. These nests often have straw or grass mixed in with the mud making them stronger when dried, much like ancient bricks. Normally, these nets are lined with grasses, leaves, moss and feathers. Some examples of cup mud nests in trees are the Magpie Bird, Grallina cyanoleuca, and the Willie Wagtail, Rhipidura leucophrys, from Australia. Two other Australian birds, both communal breeders, the Apostle bird, Struthidae cinerea, and the White-winged Chough, Corcorax melanorhamphos, also build mud nests. In East Africa the Spotted Morning Warbler, Chichladusa guttata, also builds cup nests.

A number of birds build more unusual mud nests. In southern Europe the Rock Nuthatch, Sitta neumayer, builds a large mud nest on the sides of cliffs that looks like a rounded volcano on its side, i.e. if the cliff was level ground the volcano would be the right way up. In S. America the two species of Oven birds, Furnarius rufus and F. cristatus, build perhaps the most complicated mud nests of all. The nests are globular and often situated on tree stumps. They are about the size of a football. On one side is a domed entrance which leads to a passage which curves around the left hand side before going into the central chamber. The inner chamber is well lined and comfortable looking.

The best known mud nest builders are the Hirundines. Swallows and Martins all over the world labour during the Spring to build their hemispherical nests on the edges of cliffs and under the eaves of houses. The mud is collected in small pellets and moistened with saliva before being applied to the wall or existing nest. Swallow and Martins, in Europe at least, build only in the morning, spending the afternoon feeding, this means that each day's work gets a chance to dry out and become strong before new mud is added. If this did not happen the whole thing would collapse under its own weight. Like other mud nesting birds, the nest is normally lined with dried grass and feathers.

Edible Nests

Perhaps the strangest nests of all are those built by the species of Swiftlet in the genus Collocalia. They nest in caves and build their nests of saliva. To do this they have enlarged salivary glands during the breeding season. To make them even more amazing, these Swiflets often nest in pitch dark caves. They are able to do this by using echolocation, similar to bats. Quite a few species use saliva in their nests to glue various materials together. Three species however, Collocalia fuciphaga, C. esculenta and C. maxima, produce nests made almost entirely, or entirely, out of saliva. These are the nests used by Chinese chefs to prepare bird nest soup, one of the more expensive and tasteless dishes in the world. The nests are collected from Niah caves and though collecting is controlled by law, it still results in a huge and unnecessary death of eggs and young birds.

Avian Breeding Systems

Like all living things birds reproduce, unlike most other animals their breeding rituals and special physical constructions are often visible to us. This opens a door of wonder and fascination to all, for besides the great variety in nest construction and placement (see nests), birds exhibit, somewhere, just about every breeding strategy you could imagine. Birds are limited by the fact that they all lay eggs and like us they only come in two sexes, but from this they exhibit a continuous spectrum of options from strict social and genetic monogamy to total promiscuity. Humans like to categorise the world in order to facilitate understanding, however, nature seldom exists in neat boxes, normally the boundaries are blurred, often non-existent, and the categories we apply are averages focusing on centres of density. This problem is evident in the question of what is a species, but even more so in the categories we use to define avian breeding systems.

The main categories that avian strategies fall into are monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, promiscuity. Three other minor categories that fall partially outside of these boundaries are the co-operative breeding species, the brood parasites and the megapodes.

Monogamy is one male and one female forming a pair-bond and raising some young. Polygyny is where one male mates with variable number of females. Each female normally mates with only one male and raises the young on her own. Polyandry is where a female mates with more than one male, normally she mates with and lays a clutch of eggs for one male to look after then she goes looking for another male to repeat this process with. Promiscuity is where both males and females have more than one sexual partner, normally here the female ends up looking after the young on her own. Both polyandry and polygyny can be simultaneous (many partners at the same time = a harem) or successive (one partner after another).

The megapodes are unique in that the eggs are not incubated and there is no parental care of the young, thus only the mating component of normal breeding systems applies to them though in some species males do care for and maintain the temperature within the mounds. Burying eggs is what most reptiles do and for this reason many researchers consider that the Megapodes' system is representative of the earliest bird breeding system. See the Megapodes for more information.

Brood parasites are birds which lay their eggs in other birds nests. Cuckoos and cowbirds are the best known examples. I will be writing a special page on brood parasites later.

Co-operative breeding birds are species where a pair or two of dominant birds are the core of a breeding effort. They are assisted in territorial defence and feeding the young by a number of other non-breeding birds. I will also be writing a separate page on this.

Social Verses Genetic

You will have noticed that earlier I described some birds as being socially and genetically monogamous. The distinction between social and genetic components of a species' or individual's breeding strategy is important. Social monogamy is the situation where one male and one female bird work together to raise a brood of young. No other birds help them and they help no other pairs or groups. Genetic monogamy is where the same pair of birds are the genetic parents of all the young in a brood.

These two systems are not always linked however, though many socially monogamous birds are also normally genetically monogamous, in quite a few species this is not the case. In many species of birds, social monogamy is balanced against genetic promiscuity meaning that the female will mate with other males and the male with other females meaning that the young raised by one pair of birds need not all be sired by the same male. The degree of extra-pair copulations, as researchers call these matings, and the number of young actually fathered by the male in a pair bond varies with each species. It reaches its greatest expression in the Maluridae (Fairy Wrens), where on average, over 60% of the young in a nest are fathered by one or more males which are not the female's mate.

Ornithologists see the evolution of mating strategies as a battle between the sexes. This battle coincides with and is at cross-purposes with the competition between species. Both males and females want to produce as many offspring as possible, this seems to be a common drive shared by all living things. However it is not enough to just produce loads of babies, you only become a winner in the game of life if if you young grow up and reproduce themselves, and on and on ad infinitum. The two extremes of the continuum of this aspect of life are called by scientists 'r' and 'K' strategists. Some organism, 'r' strategists, put all there effort into producing huge numbers of young in the hope that some will survive. While others others produce only a few young and put most of there effort into making sure these few reach maturity, these are the 'K' strategists. Birds like people are all 'K' strategists. The battle of the sexes is carried out within this framework.

Sperm is cheap, while eggs are expensive. A male bird can father far more young than one female can produce. The ideal situation for a male is where he spends his whole time mating females, each of whom raises a clutch of young. This way a successful male gets to father loads of young, this is polygyny. A female bird can never potentially produce as many young as a male, however she can produce a lot more if she doesn't have to look after them once she has laid the eggs. Her ideal is where she concentrates on laying eggs and the males look after everything else. There is a limit to how many young one adult bird can incubate and care for after hatching. This limit varies between species and is greatly effected by the diet of the young and how much looking after they need see Egg Number. In practice this means a female can produce more eggs than one male can care for so a females ideal reproductive strategy is polyandry.

Birds which feed on the ground or in the water can have their young hatch out precociously. This means that when the young hatch they have their eyes open, possess feathers and can peck at food for themselves straight away. They do not need to be fed by their parents, though one or both of their parents may show them where to find food and protect them from predators. Birds that find their food on the wing or in trees, need to be able to fly in order to feed. As wing feathers and flight muscles are costly to develop and do not develop well inside the egg there is inevitably a period of time between the young hatching and their being able to find their own food. During this time they need to be fed by their parents.

It is this necessity that effectively prevents most birds of either sex fulfilling their whole reproductive potential. What it means is that both parents working together can feed and successfully rear far more young than one parent can on their own. This is the nature of a partnership, both sexes sacrifice some of their reproductive potential in order to maximise their reproductive reality. This seems to be true for the majority of birds and results in most species forming pair-bonds for reproductive purposes. In many species these pairs are different each year, but for some such as Swans and Albatrosses pairs mate for life, renewing their bond each spring as a new breeding season gets underway.

Social monogamy then is by far the most common reproductive strategy in birds, with over 90% of birds known to be socially monogamous. Genetic monogamy is not as universal but in comparison with social traits, genetic ones are much less well known. The costs and relative newness of the DNA testing techniques that detect genetic breeding traits means that comparatively few species have been studied. Of 216 sub-families surveyed by David Lack in his 1968 book, "Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds", 198.75 or 91.8% are primarily or totally monogamous. Of the remaining 8.2%, 4% are polygynous, 3% are promiscuous and 1% polyandrous.

The second most common, though still much rarer breeding strategy is Polygyny. Polygyny is where one male has more than one female partner. There is room for a lot of variety here. One of the factors is how much the male needs to contribute to raise the young. In some birds the young hatch precociously, see above, and in these cases the female can often raise the young on her own as all she needs to do is build a nest, lay the eggs and incubate them. In species like this a male only has to mate with the female then leave her to it. Under these circumstances he can have as many mates as he can attract.

One way a male can attract mates is through the possession of a territory. If he can defend a territory that is good enough to support 2 or more females raising a brood within its boundaries then he may well end up with more than one mate. Of course, in other species no territories are kept. If this is the case then it is likely that the male will have a small area where he displays or advertises himself during the breeding season. This may be as simple as a perch where he sings and puts on a display with often colourful feathers, or as complex as the great arenas decorated with numerous treasures used by many of the Bowerbirds. This course is more dangerous for the male; it is true that he may end up fathering many broods of young but he may also end up fathering none.

Further to all of this, some male birds not only maintain a territory but will also help incubate one or both broods and help feed one or both broods. In these cases the female may be partially able to raise a brood on her own needing only a little help from the male. Also, polygyny as described in all these cases is essentially sequential, however in some cases polygyny can be consecutive with the male mating and partially raising a brood with one female before absconding (leaving) to start a second nest with another female.

Interestingly, in social polygyny though the male obligatorily (has to be) genetically polygynous as well, the females can be either genetically polygynous or genetically monogamous if they only mate one male.

Lekking is an extreme form of polygyny. A lekking species is one where the males all gather in one place in order to display to females. Females then come to the lek (the site where the males are) and choose one or more males to mate with. If females mate with more than one male at a lek then technically the species is called promiscuous.

From an evolutionary point of view, leks may be a good thing for a female providing that all she needs from the male is good quality sperm. She can come to the lek, choose the best looking male, mate with him and then leave to raise the young on her own. This only really works if the female can perceive something in the male which indicates his genetic potential as a mate, such as song complexity or volume, feather colour or size or just the energy he puts into this display. For the males leks are a bit like gambling. Studies have shown that most matings go to only a small number of males, so if you are one of the few top quality males you will get to father loads of young, if not, then you may well end up fathering none.

Non-passerine Birds of the World
Order Struthioniformes
Family Struthionidae
1 Ostrich Struthio camelus
Family Rheidae
2 Greater Rhea Rhea americana
3 Lesser Rhea Rhea pennata
Family Casuariidae
4 Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuarius
5 Dwarf Cassowary Casuarius bennetti
6 Northern Cassowary Casuarius unappendiculatus
7 Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae
Family Apterygidae
8 Brown Kiwi Apteryx australis
9 Little Spotted Kiwi Apteryx owenii
10 Great Spotted Kiwi Apteryx haastii
Order Tinamiformes
Family Tinamidae
11 Grey Tinamou Tinamus tao
12 Solitary Tinamou Tinamus solitarius
13 Black Tinamou Tinamus osgoodi
14 Great Tinamou Tinamus major
15 White-throated Tinamou Tinamus guttatus
16 Highland Tinamou Nothocercus bonapartei
17 Tawny-breasted Tinamou Nothocercus julius
18 Hooded Tinamou Nothocercus nigrocapillus
19 Berlepsch's Tinamou Crypturellus berlepschi
20 Cinereous Tinamou Crypturellus cinereus
21 Little Tinamou Crypturellus soui
22 Tepui Tinamou Crypturellus ptaritepui
23 Brown Tinamou Crypturellus obsoletus
24 Thicket Tinamou Crypturellus cinnamomeus
25 Undulated Tinamou Crypturellus undulatus
26 Pale-browed Tinamou Crypturellus transfasciatus
27 Brazilian Tinamou Crypturellus strigulosus
28 Slaty-breasted Tinamou Crypturellus boucardi
29 Choco Tinamou Crypturellus kerriae
30 Red-legged Tinamou Crypturellus erythropus
31 Grey-legged Tinamou Crypturellus duidae
32 Yellow-legged Tinamou Crypturellus noctivagus
33 Black-capped Tinamou Crypturellus atrocapillus
34 Variegated Tinamou Crypturellus variegatus
35 Rusty Tinamou Crypturellus brevirostris
36 Bartlett's Tinamou Crypturellus bartletti
37 Small-billed Tinamou Crypturellus parvirostris
38 Barred Tinamou Crypturellus casiquiare
39 Tataupa Tinamou Crypturellus tataupa
40 Red-winged Tinamou Rhynchotus rufescens
41 Taczanowski's Tinamou Nothoprocta taczanowskii
42 Kalinowski's Tinamou Nothoprocta kalinowskii
43 Ornate Tinamou Nothoprocta ornata
44 Andean Tinamou Nothoprocta pentlandii
45 Brushland Tinamou Nothoprocta cinerascens
46 Chilean Tinamou Nothoprocta perdicaria
47 Curve-billed Tinamou Nothoprocta curvirostris
48 Darwin's Nothura Nothura darwinii
49 Chaco Nothura Nothura chacoensis
50 Spotted Nothura Nothura maculosa
51 Lesser Nothura Nothura minor
52 White-bellied Nothura Nothura boraquira
53 Dwarf Tinamou Taoniscus nanus
54 Elegant Crested-Tinamou Eudromia elegans
55 Quebracho Crested-Tinamou Eudromia formosa
56 Puna Tinamou Tinamotis pentlandii
57 Patagonian Tinamou Tinamotis ingoufi
Order Craciformes
Family Cracidae
58 Plain Chachalaca Ortalis vetula
59 Grey-headed Chachalaca Ortalis cinereiceps
60 Chestnut-winged Chachalaca Ortalis garrula
61 Rufous-vented Chachalaca Ortalis ruficauda
62 Rufous-headed Chachalaca Ortalis erythroptera
63 Rufous-bellied Chachalaca Ortalis wagleri
64 West Mexican Chachalaca Ortalis poliocephala
65 Chaco Chachalaca Ortalis canicollis
66 White-bellied Chachalaca Ortalis leucogastra
67 Speckled Chachalaca Ortalis guttata
68 Little Chachalaca Ortalis motmot
69 Buff-browed Chachalaca Ortalis superciliaris
70 Band-tailed Guan Penelope argyrotis
71 Bearded Guan Penelope barbata
72 Baudo Guan Penelope ortoni
73 Andean Guan Penelope montagnii
74 Marail Guan Penelope marail
75 Rusty-margined Guan Penelope superciliaris
76 Red-faced Guan Penelope dabbenei
77 Crested Guan Penelope purpurascens
78 Cauca Guan Penelope perspicax
79 White-winged Guan Penelope albipennis
80 Spix's Guan Penelope jacquacu
81 Dusky-legged Guan Penelope obscura
82 White-crested Guan Penelope pileata
83 Chestnut-bellied Guan Penelope ochrogaster
84 White-browed Guan Penelope jacucaca
85 Trinidad Piping-Guan Pipile pipile
86 Blue-throated Piping-Guan Pipile cumanensis
87 Red-throated Piping-Guan Pipile cujubi
88 Black-fronted Piping-Guan Pipile jacutinga
89 Wattled Guan Aburria aburri
90 Black Guan Chamaepetes unicolor
91 Sickle-winged Guan Chamaepetes goudotii
92 Highland Guan Penelopina nigra
93 Horned Guan Oreophasis derbianus
94 Nocturnal Curassow Nothocrax urumutum
95 Crestless Curassow Mitu tomentosa
96 Salvin's Curassow Mitu salvini
97 Razor-billed Curassow Mitu tuberosa
98 Alagoas Curassow Mitu mitu
99 Helmeted Curassow Pauxi pauxi
100 Horned Curassow Pauxi unicornis
101 Great Curassow Crax rubra
102 Blue-knobbed Curassow Crax alberti
103 Yellow-knobbed Curassow Crax daubentoni
104 Black Curassow Crax alector
105 Wattled Curassow Crax globulosa
106 Bare-faced Curassow Crax fasciolata
107 Red-billed Curassow Crax blumenbachii
Family Megapodiidae
108 Australian Brush-turkey Alectura lathami
109 Wattled Brush-turkey Aepypodius arfakianus
110 Bruijn's Brush-turkey Aepypodius bruijnii
111 Red-billed Brush-turkey Talegalla cuvieri
112 Black-billed Brush-turkey Talegalla fuscirostris
113 Brown-collared Brush-turkey Talegalla jobiensis
114 Maleo Macrocephalon maleo
115 Nicobar Scrubfowl Megapodius nicobariensis
116 Tabon Scrubfowl Megapodius cumingii
117 Sula Scrubfowl Megapodius bernsteinii
118 Orange-footed Scrubfowl Megapodius reinwardt
119 Dusky Scrubfowl Megapodius freycinet
120 New Guinea Scrubfowl Megapodius affinis
121 Melanesian Scrubfowl Megapodius eremita
122 Vanuatu Scrubfowl Megapodius layardi
123 Micronesian Scrubfowl Megapodius laperouse
124 Niaufoou Scrubfowl Megapodius pritchardii
125 Moluccan Scrubfowl Megapodius wallacei
126 Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata
Order Galliformes
Family Phasianidae
127 Snow Partridge Lerwa lerwa
128 See-see Partridge Ammoperdix griseogularis
129 Sand Partridge Ammoperdix heyi
130 Caucasian Snowcock Tetraogallus caucasicus
131 Caspian Snowcock Tetraogallus caspius
132 Tibetan Snowcock Tetraogallus tibetanus
133 Altai Snowcock Tetraogallus altaicus
134 Himalayan Snowcock Tetraogallus himalayensis
135 Chestnut-throated Partridge Tetraophasis obscurus
136 Buff-throated Partridge Tetraophasis szechenyii
137 Rock Partridge Alectoris graeca
138 Chukar Alectoris chukar
139 Philby's Partridge Alectoris philbyi
140 Rusty-necklaced Partridge Alectoris magna
141 Barbary Partridge Alectoris barbara
142 Red-legged Partridge Alectoris rufa
143 Arabian Partridge Alectoris melanocephala
144 Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus
145 Painted Francolin Francolinus pictus
146 Chinese Francolin Francolinus pintadeanus
147 Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus
148 Swamp Francolin Francolinus gularis
149 Coqui Francolin Francolinus coqui
150 White-throated Francolin Francolinus albogularis
151 Schlegel's Francolin Francolinus schlegelii
152 Forest Francolin Francolinus lathami
153 Crested Francolin Francolinus sephaena
154 Ring-necked Francolin Francolinus streptophorus
155 Finsch's Francolin Francolinus finschi
156 Grey-winged Francolin Francolinus africanus
157 Red-winged Francolin Francolinus levaillantii
158 Moorland Francolin Francolinus psilolaemus
159 Shelley's Francolin Francolinus shelleyi
160 OrangeRiver Francolin Francolinus levaillantoides
161 Nahan's Francolin Francolinus nahani
162 Hartlaub's Francolin Francolinus hartlaubi
163 Double-spurred Francolin Francolinus bicalcaratus
164 Clapperton's Francolin Francolinus clappertoni
165 Heuglin's Francolin Francolinus icterorhynchus
166 Harwood's Francolin Francolinus harwoodi
167 Red-billed Francolin Francolinus adspersus
168 Cape Francolin Francolinus capensis
169 Hildebrandt's Francolin Francolinus hildebrandti
170 Natal Francolin Francolinus natalensis
171 Ahanta Francolin Francolinus ahantensis
172 Scaly Francolin Francolinus squamatus
173 Grey-striped Francolin Francolinus griseostriatus
174 Yellow-necked Spurfowl Francolinus leucoscepus
175 Grey-breasted Spurfowl Francolinus rufopictus
176 Red-necked Spurfowl Francolinus afer
177 Swainson's Spurfowl Francolinus swainsonii
178 Erckel's Francolin Francolinus erckelii
179 Ochre-breasted Francolin Francolinus ochropectus
180 Chestnut-naped Francolin Francolinus castaneicollis
181 Handsome Francolin Francolinus nobilis
182 Jackson's Francolin Francolinus jacksoni
183 Cameroon Francolin Francolinus camerunensis
184 Swierstra's Francolin Francolinus swierstrai
185 Grey Partridge Perdix perdix
186 Daurian Partridge Perdix dauurica
187 Tibetan Partridge Perdix hodgsoniae
188 Long-billed Partridge Rhizothera longirostris
189 Madagascar Partridge Margaroperdix madagarensis
190 Black Partridge Melanoperdix nigra
191 Common Quail Coturnix coturnix
192 Japanese Quail Coturnix japonica
193 Stubble Quail Coturnix pectoralis
194 New Zealand Quail Coturnix novaezelandiae
195 Rain Quail Coturnix coromandelica
196 Harlequin Quail Coturnix delegorguei
197 Brown Quail Coturnix ypsilophora
198 Blue Quail Coturnix adansonii
199 Blue-breasted Quail Coturnix chinensis
200 Snow Mountain Quail Anurophasis monorthonyx
201 Jungle Bush-Quail Perdicula asiatica
202 Rock Bush-Quail Perdicula argoondah
203 Painted Bush-Quail Perdicula erythrorhyncha
204 Manipur Bush-Quail Perdicula manipurensis
205 Hill Partridge Arborophila torqueola
206 Rufous-throated Partridge Arborophila rufogularis
207 White-cheeked Partridge Arborophila atrogularis
208 Taiwan Partridge Arborophila crudigularis
209 Chestnut-breasted Partridge Arborophila mandellii
210 Bar-backed Partridge Arborophila brunneopectus
211 Sichuan Partridge Arborophila rufipectus
212 Grey-breasted Partridge Arborophila orientalis
213 Chestnut-bellied Partridge Arborophila javanica
214 Red-breasted Partridge Arborophila hyperythra
215 White-necklaced Partridge Arborophila gingica
216 Orange-necked Partridge Arborophila davidi
217 Chestnut-headed Partridge Arborophila cambodiana
218 Red-billed Partridge Arborophila rubrirostris
219 Hainan Partridge Arborophila ardens
220 Scaly-breasted Partridge Arborophila chloropus
221 Annam Partridge Arborophila merlini
222 Chestnut-necklaced Partridge Arborophila charltonii
223 Ferruginous Partridge Caloperdix oculea
224 Crimson-headed Partridge Haematortyx sanguiniceps
225 Crested Partridge Rollulus rouloul
226 Stone Partridge Ptilopachus petrosus
227 Mountain Bamboo-Partridge Bambusicola fytchii
228 Chinese Bamboo-Partridge Bambusicola thoracica
229 Red Spurfowl Galloperdix spadicea
230 Painted Spurfowl Galloperdix lunulata
231 Ceylon Spurfowl Galloperdix bicalcarata
232 Himalayan Quail Ophrysia superciliosa
233 Blood Pheasant Ithaginis cruentus
234 Western Tragopan Tragopan melanocephalus
235 Satyr Tragopan Tragopan satyra
236 Blyth's Tragopan Tragopan blythii
237 Temminck's Tragopan Tragopan temminckii
238 Cabot's Tragopan Tragopan caboti
239 Koklass Pheasant Pucrasia macrolopha
240 Himalayan Monal Lophophorus impejanus
241 Sclater's Monal Lophophorus sclateri
242 Chinese Monal Lophophorus lhuysii
243 Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus
244 Grey Junglefowl Gallus sonneratii
245 Ceylon Junglefowl Gallus lafayetii
246 Green Junglefowl Gallus varius
247 Kalij Pheasant Lophura leucomelanos
248 Silver Pheasant Lophura nycthemera
249 Imperial Pheasant Lophura imperialis
250 Edwards's Pheasant Lophura edwardsi
251 Vietnam Fireback Lophura hatinhensis
252 Swinhoe's Pheasant Lophura swinhoii
253 Sumatran Pheasant Lophura hoogerwerfi
254 Salvadori's Pheasant Lophura inornata
255 Crestless Fireback Lophura erythrophthalma
256 Crested Fireback Lophura ignita
257 Siamese Fireback Lophura diardi
258 Bulwer's Pheasant Lophura bulweri
259 Tibetan Eared-Pheasant Crossoptilon harmani
260 White Eared-Pheasant Crossoptilon crossoptilon
261 Brown Eared-Pheasant Crossoptilon mantchuricum
262 Blue Eared-Pheasant Crossoptilon auritum
263 Cheer Pheasant Catreus wallichii
264 Elliot's Pheasant Syrmaticus ellioti
265 Hume's Pheasant Syrmaticus humiae
266 Mikado Pheasant Syrmaticus mikado
267 Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii
268 Reeves's Pheasant Syrmaticus reevesii
269 Common Pheasant Phasianus colchicus
270 Golden Pheasant Chrysolophus pictus
271 Lady Amherst's Pheasant Chrysolophus amherstiae
272 Bronze-tailed Peacock-Pheasant Polyplectron chalcurum
273 Mountain Peacock-Pheasant Polyplectron inopinatum
274 Germain's Peacock-Pheasant Polyplectron germaini
275 Grey Peacock-Pheasant Polyplectron bicalcaratum
276 Malayan Peacock-Pheasant Polyplectron malacense
277 Bornean Peacock-Pheasant Polyplectron schleiermacheri
278 Palawan Peacock-Pheasant Polyplectron emphanum
279 Crested Argus Rheinardia ocellata
280 Great Argus Argusianus argus
281 Congo Peafowl Afropavo congensis
282 Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus
283 Green Peafowl Pavo muticus
284 Siberian Grouse Dendragapus falcipennis
285 Spruce Grouse Dendragapus canadensis
286 Blue Grouse Dendragapus obscurus
287 Willow Ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus
288 Rock Ptarmigan Lagopus mutus
289 White-tailed Ptarmigan Lagopus leucurus
290 Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix
291 Caucasian Grouse Tetrao mlokosiewiczi
292 Western Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus
293 Black-billed Capercaillie Tetrao parvirostris
294 Hazel Grouse Bonasa bonasia
295 Chinese Grouse Bonasa sewerzowi
296 Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus
297 Sage Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus
298 Sharp-tailed Grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus
299 Greater Prairie-chicken Tympanuchus cupido
300 Lesser Prairie-chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus
301 Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo
302 Ocellated Turkey Agriocharis ocellata
Family Numididae
303 White-breasted Guineafowl Agelastes meleagrides
304 Black Guineafowl Agelastes niger
305 Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris
306 Plumed Guineafowl Guttera plumifera
307 Crested Guineafowl Guttera pucherani
308 Vulturine Guineafowl Acryllium vulturinum
Family Odontophoridae
309 Bearded Wood-Partridge Dendrortyx barbatus
310 Long-tailed Wood-Partridge Dendrortyx macroura
311 Buffy-crowned Wood-Partridge Dendrortyx leucophrys
312 Mountain Quail Oreortyx pictus
313 Scaled Quail Callipepla squamata
314 Elegant Quail Callipepla douglasii
315 California Quail Callipepla californica
316 Gambel's Quail Callipepla gambelii
317 Banded Quail Philortyx fasciatus
318 Northern Bobwhite Colinus virginianus
319 Black-throated Bobwhite Colinus nigrogularis
320 Crested Bobwhite Colinus cristatus
321 Marbled Wood-Quail Odontophorus gujanensis
322 Spot-winged Wood-Quail Odontophorus capueira
323 Black-eared Wood-Quail Odontophorus melanotis
324 Rufous-fronted Wood-Quail Odontophorus erythrops
325 Black-fronted Wood-Quail Odontophorus atrifrons
326 Chestnut Wood-Quail Odontophorus hyperythrus
327 Dark-backed Wood-Quail Odontophorus melanonotus
328 Rufous-breasted Wood-Quail Odontophorus speciosus
329 Tacarcuna Wood-Quail Odontophorus dialeucos
330 Gorgeted Wood-Quail Odontophorus strophium
331 Venezuelan Wood-Quail Odontophorus columbianus
332 Black-breasted Wood-Quail Odontophorus leucolaemus
333 Stripe-faced Wood-Quail Odontophorus balliviani
334 Starred Wood-Quail Odontophorus stellatus
335 Spotted Wood-Quail Odontophorus guttatus
336 Singing Quail Dactylortyx thoracicus
337 Montezuma Quail Cyrtonyx montezumae
338 Ocellated Quail Cyrtonyx ocellatus
339 Tawny-faced Quail Rhynchortyx cinctus
Order Anseriformes
Family Anhimidae
340 Horned Screamer Anhima cornuta
341 Northern Screamer Chauna chavaria
342 Southern Screamer Chauna torquata
Family Anseranatidae
343 Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata
Family Dendrocygnidae
344 Spotted Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna guttata
345 Plumed Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna eytoni
346 Fulvous Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna bicolor
347 Wandering Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna arcuata
348 Lesser Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna javanica
349 White-faced Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna viduata
350 West Indian Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna arborea
351 Black-bellied Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna autumnalis
352 White-backed Duck Thalassornis leuconotus
Family Anatidae
353 Masked Duck Oxyura dominica
354 Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis
355 Andean Duck Oxyura ferruginea
356 White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala
357 Maccoa Duck Oxyura maccoa
358 Lake Duck Oxyura vittata
359 Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis
360 Musk Duck Biziura lobata
361 Black-headed Duck Heteronetta atricapilla
362 Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa
363 Mute Swan Cygnus olor
364 Black Swan Cygnus atratus
365 Black-necked Swan Cygnus melanocorypha
366 Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus
367 Trumpeter Swan Cygnus buccinator
368 Tundra Swan Cygnus columbianus
369 Coscoroba Swan Coscoroba coscoroba
370 Swan Goose Anser cygnoides
371 Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus
372 Bean Goose Anser fabalis
373 Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons
374 Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus
375 Greylag Goose Anser anser
376 Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus
377 Snow Goose Anser caerulescens
378 Ross's Goose Anser rossii
379 Emperor Goose Anser canagica
380 Nene Branta sandvicensis
381 Canada Goose Branta canadensis
382 Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis
383 Brent Goose Branta bernicla
384 Red-breasted Goose Branta ruficollis
385 Cape Barren Goose Cereopsis novaehollandiae
386 Blue-winged Goose Cyanochen cyanopterus
387 Andean Goose Chloephaga melanoptera
388 Upland Goose Chloephaga picta
389 Kelp Goose Chloephaga hybrida
390 Ashy-headed Goose Chloephaga poliocephala
391 Ruddy-headed Goose Chloephaga rubidiceps
392 Orinoco Goose Neochen jubata
393 Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiacus
394 Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea
395 South African Shelduck Tadorna cana
396 Australian Shelduck Tadorna tadornoides
397 Paradise Shelduck Tadorna variegata
398 Crested Shelduck Tadorna cristata
399 Common Shelduck Tadorna tadorna
400 Radjah Shelduck Tadorna radjah
401 Flightless Steamerduck Tachyeres pteneres
402 Chubut Steamerduck Tachyeres leucocephalus
403 Falkland Steamerduck Tachyeres brachypterus
404 Flying Steamerduck Tachyeres patachonicus
405 Spur-winged Goose Plectropterus gambensis
406 Muscovy Duck Cairina moschata
407 White-winged Duck Cairina scutulata
408 Hartlaub's Duck Pteronetta hartlaubii
409 Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos
410 Green Pygmy-goose Nettapus pulchellus
411 Cotton Pygmy-goose Nettapus coromandelianus
412 African Pygmy-goose Nettapus auritus
413 Ringed Teal Callonetta leucophrys
414 Wood Duck Aix sponsa
415 Mandarin Duck Aix galericulata
416 Maned Duck Chenonetta jubata
417 Brazilian Teal Amazonetta brasiliensis
418 Torrent Duck Merganetta armata
419 Blue Duck Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos
420 Salvadori's Teal Salvadorina waigiuensis
421 Crested Duck Anas specularioides
422 Spectacled Duck Anas specularis
423 Cape Teal Anas capensis
424 Gadwall Anas strepera
425 Falcated Duck Anas falcata
426 Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope
427 American Wigeon Anas americana
428 Chiloe Wigeon Anas sibilatrix
429 African Black Duck Anas sparsa
430 American Black Duck Anas rubripes
431 Mottled Duck Anas fulvigula
432 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos
433 Hawaiian Duck Anas wyvilliana
434 Laysan Duck Anas laysanensis
435 Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha
436 Philippine Duck Anas luzonica
437 Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa
438 Yellow-billed Duck Anas undulata
439 Meller's Duck Anas melleri
440 Blue-winged Teal Anas discors
441 Cinnamon Teal Anas cyanoptera
442 Cape Shoveler Anas smithii
443 Red Shoveler Anas platalea
444 Australian Shoveler Anas rhynchotis
445 Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata
446 Bernier's Teal Anas bernieri
447 Sunda Teal Anas gibberifrons
448 Grey Teal Anas gracilis
449 Chestnut Teal Anas castanea
450 Brown Teal Anas aucklandica
451 White-cheeked Pintail Anas bahamensis
452 Red-billed Duck Anas erythrorhyncha
453 Speckled Teal Anas flavirostris
454 Northern Pintail Anas acuta
455 Eaton's Pintail Anas eatoni
456 Yellow-billed Pintail Anas georgica
457 Garganey Anas querquedula
458 Baikal Teal Anas formosa
459 Common Teal Anas crecca
460 Puna Teal Anas puna
461 Silver Teal Anas versicolor
462 Hottentot Teal Anas hottentota
463 Pink-eared Duck Malacorhynchus membranaceus
464 Marbled Teal Marmaronetta angustirostris
465 Pink-headed Duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea
466 Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina
467 Rosy-billed Pochard Netta peposaca
468 Southern Pochard Netta erythrophthalma
469 Common Pochard Aythya ferina
470 Canvasback Aythya valisineria
471 Redhead Aythya americana
472 Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris
473 Ferruginous Pochard Aythya nyroca
474 Madagascar Pochard Aythya innotata
475 Baer's Pochard Aythya baeri
476 Hardhead Aythya australis
477 Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula
478 New Zealand Scaup Aythya novaeseelandiae
479 Greater Scaup Aythya marila
480 Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis
481 Common Eider Somateria mollissima
482 King Eider Somateria spectabilis
483 Spectacled Eider Somateria fischeri
484 Steller's Eider Polysticta stelleri
485 Labrador Duck Camptorhynchus labradorius
486 Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus
487 Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis
488 Black Scoter Melanitta nigra
489 Surf Scoter Melanitta perspicillata
490 White-winged Scoter Melanitta fusca
491 Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula
492 Barrow's Goldeneye Bucephala islandica
493 Bufflehead Bucephala albeola
494 Smew Mergellus albellus
495 Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus
496 Brazilian Merganser Mergus octosetaceus
497 Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator
498 Scaly-sided Merganser Mergus squamatus
499 Common Merganser Mergus merganser
500 Auckland Islands Merganser Mergus australis
Order Turniciformes
Family Turnicidae
501 Small Buttonquail Turnix sylvatica
502 Red-backed Buttonquail Turnix maculosa
503 Black-rumped Buttonquail Turnix nana
504 Hottentot Buttonquail Turnix hottentotta
505 Yellow-legged Buttonquail Turnix tanki
506 Spotted Buttonquail Turnix ocellata
507 Barred Buttonquail Turnix suscitator
508 Madagascar Buttonquail Turnix nigricollis
509 Black-breasted Buttonquail Turnix melanogaster
510 Chestnut-backed Buttonquail Turnix castanota
511 Buff-breasted Buttonquail Turnix olivii
512 Painted Buttonquail Turnix varia
513 Worcester's Buttonquail Turnix worcesteri
514 Sumba Buttonquail Turnix everetti
515 Red-chested Buttonquail Turnix pyrrhothorax
516 Little Buttonquail Turnix velox
517 Lark Buttonquail Ortyxelos meiffrenii
Order Piciformes
Family Indicatoridae
518 Spotted Honeyguide Indicator maculatus
519 Scaly-throated Honeyguide Indicator variegatus
520 Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator
521 Malaysian Honeyguide Indicator archipelagicus
522 Lesser Honeyguide Indicator minor
523 Thick-billed Honeyguide Indicator conirostris
524 Willcocks's Honeyguide Indicator willcocksi
525 Least Honeyguide Indicator exilis
526 Dwarf Honeyguide Indicator pumilio
527 Pallid Honeyguide Indicator meliphilus
528 Yellow-rumped Honeyguide Indicator xanthonotus
529 Lyre-tailed Honeyguide Melichneutes robustus
530 Yellow-footed Honeyguide Melignomon eisentrauti
531 Zenker's Honeyguide Melignomon zenkeri
532 Cassin's Honeyguide Prodotiscus insignis
533 Green-backed Honeyguide Prodotiscus zambesiae
534 Wahlberg's Honeyguide Prodotiscus regulus
Family Picidae
535 Eurasian Wryneck Jynx torquilla
536 Rufous-necked Wryneck Jynx ruficollis
537 Speckled Piculet Picumnus innominatus
538 Bar-breasted Piculet Picumnus aurifrons
539 Orinoco Piculet Picumnus pumilus
540 Lafresnaye's Piculet Picumnus lafresnayi
541 Golden-spangled Piculet Picumnus exilis
542 Rusty-necked Piculet Picumnus fuscus
543 Ecuadorian Piculet Picumnus sclateri
544 Scaled Piculet Picumnus squamulatus
545 White-bellied Piculet Picumnus spilogaster
546 Guianan Piculet Picumnus minutissimus
547 Spotted Piculet Picumnus pygmaeus
548 Speckle-chested Piculet Picumnus steindachneri
549 Varzea Piculet Picumnus varzeae
550 White-barred Piculet Picumnus cirratus
551 Ocellated Piculet Picumnus dorbygnianus
552 Ochre-collared Piculet Picumnus temminckii
553 White-wedged Piculet Picumnus albosquamatus
554 Rufous-breasted Piculet Picumnus rufiventris
555 Tawny Piculet Picumnus fulvescens
556 Ochraceous Piculet Picumnus limae
557 Mottled Piculet Picumnus nebulosus
558 Plain-breasted Piculet Picumnus castelnau
559 Fine-barred Piculet Picumnus subtilis
560 Olivaceous Piculet Picumnus olivaceus
561 Greyish Piculet Picumnus granadensis
562 Chestnut Piculet Picumnus cinnamomeus
563 African Piculet Sasia africana
564 Rufous Piculet Sasia abnormis
565 White-browed Piculet Sasia ochracea
566 Antillean Piculet Nesoctites micromegas
567 White Woodpecker Melanerpes candidus
568 Lewis's Woodpecker Melanerpes lewis
569 Guadeloupe Woodpecker Melanerpes herminieri
570 Puerto Rican Woodpecker Melanerpes portoricensis
571 Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus
572 Acorn Woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus
573 Black-cheeked Woodpecker Melanerpes pucherani
574 Golden-naped Woodpecker Melanerpes chrysauchen
575 Yellow-tufted Woodpecker Melanerpes cruentatus
576 Yellow-fronted Woodpecker Melanerpes flavifrons
577 White-fronted Woodpecker Melanerpes cactorum
578 Hispaniolan Woodpecker Melanerpes striatus
579 Jamaican Woodpecker Melanerpes radiolatus
580 Golden-cheeked Woodpecker Melanerpes chrysogenys
581 Grey-breasted Woodpecker Melanerpes hypopolius
582 Yucatan Woodpecker Melanerpes pygmaeus
583 Red-crowned Woodpecker Melanerpes rubricapillus
584 Gila Woodpecker Melanerpes uropygialis
585 Red-bellied Woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus
586 West Indian Woodpecker Melanerpes superciliaris
587 Golden-fronted Woodpecker Melanerpes aurifrons
588 Hoffmann's Woodpecker Melanerpes hoffmannii
589 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius
590 Red-naped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis
591 Red-breasted Sapsucker Sphyrapicus ruber
592 Williamson's Sapsucker Sphyrapicus thyroideus
593 Cuban Green Woodpecker Xiphidiopicus percussus
594 Fine-spotted Woodpecker Campethera punctuligera
595 Nubian Woodpecker Campethera nubica
596 Bennett's Woodpecker Campethera bennettii
597 Reichenow's Woodpecker Campethera scriptoricauda
598 Golden-tailed Woodpecker Campethera abingoni
599 Mombasa Woodpecker Campethera mombassica
600 Knysna Woodpecker Campethera notata
601 Little Green Woodpecker Campethera maculosa
602 Green-backed Woodpecker Campethera cailliautii
603 Tullberg's Woodpecker Campethera tullbergi
604 Buff-spotted Woodpecker Campethera nivosa
605 Brown-eared Woodpecker Campethera caroli
606 Ground Woodpecker Geocolaptes olivaceus
607 Little Grey Woodpecker Dendropicos elachus
608 Speckle-breasted Woodpecker Dendropicos poecilolaemus
609 Abyssinian Woodpecker Dendropicos abyssinicus
610 Cardinal Woodpecker Dendropicos fuscescens
611 Melancholy Woodpecker Dendropicos lugubris
612 Gabon Woodpecker Dendropicos gabonensis
613 Stierling's Woodpecker Dendropicos stierlingi
614 Bearded Woodpecker Dendropicos namaquus
615 Fire-bellied Woodpecker Dendropicos pyrrhogaster
616 Golden-crowned Woodpecker Dendropicos xantholophus
617 Elliot's Woodpecker Dendropicos elliotii
618 Grey Woodpecker Dendropicos goertae
619 Grey-headed Woodpecker Dendropicos spodocephalus
620 Olive Woodpecker Dendropicos griseocephalus
621 Brown-backed Woodpecker Dendropicos obsoletus
622 Sulawesi Woodpecker Dendrocopos temminckii
623 Philippine Woodpecker Dendrocopos maculatus
624 Brown-capped Woodpecker Dendrocopos nanus
625 Sunda Woodpecker Dendrocopos moluccensis
626 Grey-capped Woodpecker Dendrocopos canicapillus
627 Pygmy Woodpecker Dendrocopos kizuki
628 Lesser Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos minor
629 Brown-fronted Woodpecker Dendrocopos auriceps
630 Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker Dendrocopos macei
631 Stripe-breasted Woodpecker Dendrocopos atratus
632 Yellow-crowned Woodpecker Dendrocopos mahrattensis
633 Arabian Woodpecker Dendrocopos dorae
634 Rufous-bellied Woodpecker Dendrocopos hyperythrus
635 Crimson-breasted Woodpecker Dendrocopos cathpharius
636 Darjeeling Woodpecker Dendrocopos darjellensis
637 Middle Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos medius
638 White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos
639 Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major
640 Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus
641 White-winged Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucopterus
642 Sind Woodpecker Dendrocopos assimilis
643 Himalayan Woodpecker Dendrocopos himalayensis
644 Striped Woodpecker Picoides lignarius
645 Checkered Woodpecker Picoides mixtus
646 Nuttall's Woodpecker Picoides nuttallii
647 Ladder-backed Woodpecker Picoides scalaris
648 Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens
649 Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis
650 Strickland's Woodpecker Picoides stricklandi
651 Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus
652 White-headed Woodpecker Picoides albolarvatus
653 Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus
654 Black-backed Woodpecker Picoides arcticus
655 Scarlet-backed Woodpecker Veniliornis callonotus
656 Yellow-vented Woodpecker Veniliornis dignus
657 Bar-bellied Woodpecker Veniliornis nigriceps
658 Smoky-brown Woodpecker Veniliornis fumigatus
659 Little Woodpecker Veniliornis passerinus
660 Dot-fronted Woodpecker Veniliornis frontalis
661 White-spotted Woodpecker Veniliornis spilogaster
662 Blood-colored Woodpecker Veniliornis sanguineus
663 Red-rumped Woodpecker Veniliornis kirkii
664 Choco Woodpecker Veniliornis chocoensis
665 Golden-collared Woodpecker Veniliornis cassini
666 Red-stained Woodpecker Veniliornis affinis
667 Yellow-eared Woodpecker Veniliornis maculifrons
668 Rufous-winged Woodpecker Piculus simplex
669 Stripe-cheeked Woodpecker Piculus callopterus
670 Lita Woodpecker Piculus litae
671 White-throated Woodpecker Piculus leucolaemus
672 Yellow-throated Woodpecker Piculus flavigula
673 Golden-green Woodpecker Piculus chrysochloros
674 Yellow-browed Woodpecker Piculus aurulentus
675 Grey-crowned Woodpecker Piculus auricularis
676 Golden-olive Woodpecker Piculus rubiginosus
677 Crimson-mantled Woodpecker Piculus rivolii
678 Black-necked Woodpecker Colaptes atricollis
679 Spot-breasted Woodpecker Colaptes punctigula
680 Green-barred Woodpecker Colaptes melanochloros
681 Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus
682 Gilded Flicker Colaptes chrysoides
683 Fernandina's Flicker Colaptes fernandinae
684 Chilean Flicker Colaptes pitius
685 Andean Flicker Colaptes rupicola
686 Campo Flicker Colaptes campestris
687 Rufous Woodpecker Celeus brachyurus
688 Cinnamon Woodpecker Celeus loricatus
689 Scaly-breasted Woodpecker Celeus grammicus
690 Waved Woodpecker Celeus undatus
691 Chestnut-colored Woodpecker Celeus castaneus
692 Chestnut Woodpecker Celeus elegans
693 Pale-crested Woodpecker Celeus lugubris
694 Blond-crested Woodpecker Celeus flavescens
695 Cream-colored Woodpecker Celeus flavus
696 Rufous-headed Woodpecker Celeus spectabilis
697 Ringed Woodpecker Celeus torquatus
698 Helmeted Woodpecker Dryocopus galeatus
699 Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus
700 Lineated Woodpecker Dryocopus lineatus
701 Black-bodied Woodpecker Dryocopus schulzi
702 White-bellied Woodpecker Dryocopus javensis
703 Andaman Woodpecker Dryocopus hodgei
704 Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius
705 Powerful Woodpecker Campephilus pollens
706 Crimson-bellied Woodpecker Campephilus haematogaster
707 Red-necked Woodpecker Campephilus rubricollis
708 Robust Woodpecker Campephilus robustus
709 Pale-billed Woodpecker Campephilus guatemalensis
710 Crimson-crested Woodpecker Campephilus melanoleucos
711 Guayaquil Woodpecker Campephilus gayaquilensis
712 Cream-backed Woodpecker Campephilus leucopogon
713 Magellanic Woodpecker Campephilus magellanicus
714 Imperial Woodpecker Campephilus imperialis
715 Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis
716 Banded Woodpecker Picus mineaceus
717 Lesser Yellownape Picus chlorolophus
718 Crimson-winged Woodpecker Picus puniceus
719 Greater Yellownape Picus flavinucha
720 Checker-throated Woodpecker Picus mentalis
721 Streak-breasted Woodpecker Picus viridanus
722 Laced Woodpecker Picus vittatus
723 Streak-throated Woodpecker Picus xanthopygaeus
724 Scaly-bellied Woodpecker Picus squamatus
725 Japanese Woodpecker Picus awokera
726 Eurasian Green Woodpecker Picus viridis
727 Levaillant's Woodpecker Picus vaillantii
728 Red-collared Woodpecker Picus rabieri
729 Black-headed Woodpecker Picus erythropygius
730 Grey-faced Woodpecker Picus canus
731 Olive-backed Woodpecker Dinopium rafflesii
732 Himalayan Flameback Dinopium shorii
733 Common Flameback Dinopium javanense
734 Black-rumped Flameback Dinopium benghalense
735 Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes lucidus
736 White-naped Woodpecker Chrysocolaptes festivus
737 Pale-headed Woodpecker Gecinulus grantia
738 Bamboo Woodpecker Gecinulus viridis
739 Okinawa Woodpecker Sapheopipo noguchii
740 Maroon Woodpecker Blythipicus rubiginosus
741 Bay Woodpecker Blythipicus pyrrhotis
742 Orange-backed Woodpecker Reinwardtipicus validus
743 Buff-rumped Woodpecker Meiglyptes tristis
744 Black-and-buff Woodpecker Meiglyptes jugularis
745 Buff-necked Woodpecker Meiglyptes tukki
746 Grey-and-buff Woodpecker Hemicircus concretus
747 Heart-spotted Woodpecker Hemicircus canente
748 Ashy Woodpecker Mulleripicus fulvus
749 Sooty Woodpecker Mulleripicus funebris
750 Great Slaty Woodpecker Mulleripicus pulverulentus
Family Megalaimoidae
751 Fire-tufted Barbet Psilopogon pyrolophus
752 Great Barbet Megalaima virens
753 Red-vented Barbet Megalaima lagrandieri
754 Brown-headed Barbet Megalaima zeylanica
755 Lineated Barbet Megalaima lineata
756 White-cheeked Barbet Megalaima viridis
757 Green-eared Barbet Megalaima faiostricta
758 Brown-throated Barbet Megalaima corvina
759 Gold-whiskered Barbet Megalaima chrysopogon
760 Red-crowned Barbet Megalaima rafflesii
761 Red-throated Barbet Megalaima mystacophanos
762 Black-banded Barbet Megalaima javensis
763 Yellow-fronted Barbet Megalaima flavifrons
764 Golden-throated Barbet Megalaima franklinii
765 Black-browed Barbet Megalaima oorti
766 Blue-throated Barbet Megalaima asiatica
767 Mountain Barbet Megalaima monticola
768 Moustached Barbet Megalaima incognita
769 Yellow-crowned Barbet Megalaima henricii
770 Flame-fronted Barbet Megalaima armillaris
771 Golden-naped Barbet Megalaima pulcherrima
772 Blue-eared Barbet Megalaima australis
773 Bornean Barbet Megalaima eximia
774 Crimson-fronted Barbet Megalaima rubricapilla
775 Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala
776 Brown Barbet Calorhamphus fuliginosus
Family Lybiidae
777 Naked-faced Barbet Gymnobucco calvus
778 Bristle-nosed Barbet Gymnobucco peli
779 Sladen's Barbet Gymnobucco sladeni
780 Grey-throated Barbet Gymnobucco bonapartei
781 White-eared Barbet Stactolaema leucotis
782 Anchieta's Barbet Stactolaema anchietae
783 Whyte's Barbet Stactolaema whytii
784 Green Barbet Stactolaema olivacea
785 Speckled Tinkerbird Pogoniulus scolopaceus
786 Western Green-Tinkerbird Pogoniulus coryphaeus
787 Moustached Green-Tinkerbird Pogoniulus leucomystax
788 African Green-Tinkerbird Pogoniulus simplex
789 Red-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus atroflavus
790 Yellow-throated Tinkerbird Pogoniulus subsulphureus
791 Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus bilineatus
792 Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus chrysoconus
793 Red-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus pusillus
794 Yellow-spotted Barbet Buccanodon duchaillui
795 Hairy-breasted Barbet Tricholaema hirsuta
796 Red-fronted Barbet Tricholaema diademata
797 Miombo Barbet Tricholaema frontata
798 Pied Barbet Tricholaema leucomelas
799 Spot-flanked Barbet Tricholaema lacrymosa
800 Black-throated Barbet Tricholaema melanocephala
801 Banded Barbet Lybius undatus
802 Vieillot's Barbet Lybius vieilloti
803 White-headed Barbet Lybius leucocephalus
804 Chaplin's Barbet Lybius chaplini
805 Red-faced Barbet Lybius rubrifacies
806 Black-billed Barbet Lybius guifsobalito
807 Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus
808 Brown-breasted Barbet Lybius melanopterus
809 Black-backed Barbet Lybius minor
810 Double-toothed Barbet Lybius bidentatus
811 Bearded Barbet Lybius dubius
812 Black-breasted Barbet Lybius rolleti
813 Yellow-billed Barbet Trachyphonus purpuratus
814 Crested Barbet Trachyphonus vaillantii
815 Yellow-breasted Barbet Trachyphonus margaritatus
816 Red-and-yellow Barbet Trachyphonus erythrocephalus
817 D'Arnaud's Barbet Trachyphonus darnaudii
818 Usambiro Barbet Trachyphonus usambiro
Family Rhamphastidae
819 Scarlet-crowned Barbet Capito aurovirens
820 Spot-crowned Barbet Capito maculicoronatus
821 Orange-fronted Barbet Capito squamatus
822 White-mantled Barbet Capito hypoleucus
823 Black-girdled Barbet Capito dayi
824 Five-colored Barbet Capito quinticolor
825 Black-spotted Barbet Capito niger
826 Brown-chested Barbet Capito brunneipectus
827 Lemon-throated Barbet Eubucco richardsoni
828 Red-headed Barbet Eubucco bourcierii
829 Scarlet-hooded Barbet Eubucco tucinkae
830 Versicolored Barbet Eubucco versicolor
831 Prong-billed Barbet Semnornis frantzii
832 Toucan Barbet Semnornis ramphastinus
833 Emerald Toucanet Aulacorhynchus prasinus
834 Groove-billed Toucanet Aulacorhynchus sulcatus
835 Chestnut-tipped Toucanet Aulacorhynchus derbianus
836 Crimson-rumped Toucanet Aulacorhynchus haematopygus
837 Yellow-browed Toucanet Aulacorhynchus huallagae
838 Blue-banded Toucanet Aulacorhynchus coeruleicinctis
839 Lettered Aracari Pteroglossus inscriptus
840 Green Aracari Pteroglossus viridis
841 Red-necked Aracari Pteroglossus bitorquatus
842 Ivory-billed Aracari Pteroglossus azara
843 Brown-mandibled Aracari Pteroglossus mariae
844 Chestnut-eared Aracari Pteroglossus castanotis
845 Black-necked Aracari Pteroglossus aracari
846 Collared Aracari Pteroglossus torquatus
847 Fiery-billed Aracari Pteroglossus frantzii
848 Stripe-billed Aracari Pteroglossus sanguineus
849 Pale-mandibled Aracari Pteroglossus erythropygius
850 Many-banded Aracari Pteroglossus pluricinctus
851 Curl-crested Aracari Pteroglossus beauharnaesii
852 Saffron Toucanet Baillonius bailloni
853 Plate-billed Mountain-Toucan Andigena laminirostris
854 Grey-breasted Mountain-Toucan Andigena hypoglauca
855 Hooded Mountain-Toucan Andigena cucullata
856 Black-billed Mountain-Toucan Andigena nigrirostris
857 Yellow-eared Toucanet Selenidera spectabilis
858 Golden-collared Toucanet Selenidera reinwardtii
859 Tawny-tufted Toucanet Selenidera nattereri
860 Guianan Toucanet Selenidera culik
861 Spot-billed Toucanet Selenidera maculirostris
862 Gould's Toucanet Selenidera gouldii
863 Keel-billed Toucan Ramphastos sulfuratus
864 Choco Toucan Ramphastos brevis
865 Citron-throated Toucan Ramphastos citreolaemus
866 Yellow-ridged Toucan Ramphastos culminatus
867 Channel-billed Toucan Ramphastos vitellinus
868 Red-breasted Toucan Ramphastos dicolorus
869 Chestnut-mandibled Toucan Ramphastos swainsonii
870 Black-mandibled Toucan Ramphastos ambiguus
871 Red-billed Toucan Ramphastos tucanus
872 Cuvier's Toucan Ramphastos cuvieri
873 Toco Toucan Ramphastos toco
Order Gabuliformes
Family Gabulidae
874 White-eared Jacamar Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis
875 Chestnut Jacamar Galbalcyrhynchus purusianus
876 Dusky-backed Jacamar Brachygalba salmoni
877 Pale-headed Jacamar Brachygalba goeringi
878 Brown Jacamar Brachygalba lugubris
879 White-throated Jacamar Brachygalba albogularis
880 Three-toed Jacamar Jacamaralcyon tridactyla
881 Yellow-billed Jacamar Galbula albirostris
882 Blue-necked Jacamar Galbula cyanicollis
883 Rufous-tailed Jacamar Galbula ruficauda
884 Green-tailed Jacamar Galbula galbula
885 Coppery-chested Jacamar Galbula pastazae
886 White-chinned Jacamar Galbula tombacea
887 Bluish-fronted Jacamar Galbula cyanescens
888 Purplish Jacamar Galbula chalcothorax
889 Bronzy Jacamar Galbula leucogastra
890 Paradise Jacamar Galbula dea
891 Great Jacamar Jacamerops aureus
Family Bucconidae
892 White-necked Puffbird Notharchus macrorhynchos
893 Black-breasted Puffbird Notharchus pectoralis
894 Brown-banded Puffbird Notharchus ordii
895 Pied Puffbird Notharchus tectus
896 Chestnut-capped Puffbird Bucco macrodactylus
897 Spotted Puffbird Bucco tamatia
898 Sooty-capped Puffbird Bucco noanamae
899 Collared Puffbird Bucco capensis
900 Barred Puffbird Nystalus radiatus
901 White-eared Puffbird Nystalus chacuru
902 Striolated Puffbird Nystalus striolatus
903 Spot-backed Puffbird Nystalus maculatus
904 Russet-throated Puffbird Hypnelus ruficollis
905 White-chested Puffbird Malacoptila fusca
906 Semicollared Puffbird Malacoptila semicincta
907 Crescent-chested Puffbird Malacoptila striata
908 Black-streaked Puffbird Malacoptila fulvogularis
909 Rufous-necked Puffbird Malacoptila rufa
910 White-whiskered Puffbird Malacoptila panamensis
911 Moustached Puffbird Malacoptila mystacalis
912 Lanceolated Monklet Micromonacha lanceolata
913 Rusty-breasted Nunlet Nonnula rubecula
914 Fulvous-chinned Nunlet Nonnula sclateri
915 Brown Nunlet Nonnula brunnea
916 Grey-cheeked Nunlet Nonnula frontalis
917 Rufous-capped Nunlet Nonnula ruficapilla
918 Chestnut-headed Nunlet Nonnula amaurocephala
919 White-faced Nunbird Hapaloptila castanea
920 Black Nunbird Monasa atra
921 Black-fronted Nunbird Monasa nigrifrons
922 White-fronted Nunbird Monasa morphoeus
923 Yellow-billed Nunbird Monasa flavirostris
924 Swallow-wing Chelidoptera tenebrosa
Order Bucerotiformes
Family Bucerotidae
925 White-crested Hornbill Tockus albocristatus
926 Black Dwarf Hornbill Tockus hartlaubi
927 Red-billed Dwarf Hornbill Tockus camurus
928 Monteiro's Hornbill Tockus monteiri
929 Red-billed Hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus
930 Eastern Yellow-billed Hornbill Tockus flavirostris
931 Southern Yellow-billed Hornbill Tockus leucomelas
932 Jackson's Hornbill Tockus jacksoni
933 Von der Decken's Hornbill Tockus deckeni
934 Crowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus
935 Bradfield's Hornbill Tockus bradfieldi
936 African Pied Hornbill Tockus fasciatus
937 Hemprich's Hornbill Tockus hemprichii
938 African Grey Hornbill Tockus nasutus
939 Pale-billed Hornbill Tockus pallidirostris
940 Malabar Grey-Hornbill Ocyceros griseus
941 Ceylon Grey-Hornbill Ocyceros gingalensis
942 Indian Grey-Hornbill Ocyceros birostris
943 Malabar Pied-Hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus
944 Oriental Pied-Hornbill Anthracoceros albirostris
945 Black Hornbill Anthracoceros malayanus
946 Palawan Hornbill Anthracoceros marchei
947 Sulu Hornbill Anthracoceros montani
948 Rhinoceros Hornbill Buceros rhinoceros
949 Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis
950 Rufous Hornbill Buceros hydrocorax
951 Helmeted Hornbill Buceros vigil
952 Brown Hornbill Anorrhinus tickelli
953 Bushy-crested Hornbill Anorrhinus galeritus
954 Luzon Hornbill Penelopides manillae
955 Mindoro Hornbill Penelopides mindorensis
956 Tarictic Hornbill Penelopides panini
957 Samar Hornbill Penelopides samarensis
958 Mindanao Hornbill Penelopides affinis
959 Sulawesi Hornbill Penelopides exarhatus
960 White-crowned Hornbill Aceros comatus
961 Rufous-necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensis
962 Wrinkled Hornbill Aceros corrugatus
963 Writhed-billed Hornbill Aceros waldeni
964 Writhed Hornbill Aceros leucocephalus
965 Knobbed Hornbill Aceros cassidix
966 Wreathed Hornbill Aceros undulatus
967 Narcondam Hornbill Aceros narcondami
968 Sumba Hornbill Aceros everetti
969 Plain-pouched Hornbill Aceros subruficollis
970 Blyth's Hornbill Aceros plicatus
971 Trumpeter Hornbill Ceratogymna bucinator
972 Piping Hornbill Ceratogymna fistulator
973 Silvery-cheeked Hornbill Ceratogymna brevis
974 Black-and-white-casqued Hornbill Ceratogymna subcylindricus
975 Brown-cheeked Hornbill Ceratogymna cylindricus
976 White-thighed Hornbill Ceratogymna albotibialis
977 Black-casqued Hornbill Ceratogymna atrata
978 Yellow-casqued Hornbill Ceratogymna elata
Family Bucorvidae
979 Abyssinian Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus
980 Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri
Order Upupiformes
Family Upupidae
981 Eurasian Hoopoe Upupa epops
982 African Hoopoe Upupa africana
Family Phoeniculidae
983 Green Woodhoopoe Phoeniculus purpureus
984 Violet Woodhoopoe Phoeniculus damarensis
985 Black-billed Woodhoopoe Phoeniculus somaliensis
986 White-headed Woodhoopoe Phoeniculus bollei
987 Forest Woodhoopoe Phoeniculus castaneiceps
Family Rhinopomastidae
988 Black Scimitar-bill Rhinopomastus aterrimus
989 Common Scimitar-bill Rhinopomastus cyanomelas
990 Abyssinian Scimitar-bill Rhinopomastus minor
Order Trogoniformes
Family Trogonidae
991 Narina Trogon Apaloderma narina
992 Bare-cheeked Trogon Apaloderma aequatoriale
993 Bar-tailed Trogon Apaloderma vittatum
994 Resplendent Quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno
995 Crested Quetzal Pharomachrus antisianus
996 White-tipped Quetzal Pharomachrus fulgidus
997 Golden-headed Quetzal Pharomachrus auriceps
998 Pavonine Quetzal Pharomachrus pavoninus
999 Eared Trogon Euptilotis neoxenus
1000 Cuban Trogon Priotelus temnurus
1001 Hispaniolan Trogon Priotelus roseigaster
1002 Slaty-tailed Trogon Trogon massena
1003 Black-tailed Trogon Trogon melanurus
1004 Lattice-tailed Trogon Trogon clathratus
1005 White-eyed Trogon Trogon comptus
1006 Baird's Trogon Trogon bairdii
1007 White-tailed Trogon Trogon viridis
1008 Citreoline Trogon Trogon citreolus
1009 Black-headed Trogon Trogon melanocephalus
1010 Mountain Trogon Trogon mexicanus
1011 Elegant Trogon Trogon elegans
1012 Collared Trogon Trogon collaris
1013 Orange-bellied Trogon Trogon aurantiiventris
1014 Masked Trogon Trogon personatus
1015 Black-throated Trogon Trogon rufus
1016 Surucua Trogon Trogon surrucura
1017 Blue-crowned Trogon Trogon curucui
1018 Violaceous Trogon Trogon violaceus
1019 Blue-tailed Trogon Harpactes reinwardtii
1020 Malabar Trogon Harpactes fasciatus
1021 Red-naped Trogon Harpactes kasumba
1022 Diard's Trogon Harpactes diardii
1023 Philippine Trogon Harpactes ardens
1024 Whitehead's Trogon Harpactes whiteheadi
1025 Cinnamon-rumped Trogon Harpactes orrhophaeus
1026 Scarlet-rumped Trogon Harpactes duvaucelii
1027 Orange-breasted Trogon Harpactes oreskios
1028 Red-headed Trogon Harpactes erythrocephalus
1029 Ward's Trogon Harpactes wardi
Order Coraciiformes
Family Coraciidae
1030 European Roller Coracias garrulus
1031 Abyssinian Roller Coracias abyssinica
1032 Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudata
1033 Racket-tailed Roller Coracias spatulata
1034 Rufous-crowned Roller Coracias naevia
1035 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis
1036 Purple-winged Roller Coracias temminckii
1037 Blue-bellied Roller Coracias cyanogaster
1038 Broad-billed Roller Eurystomus glaucurus
1039 Blue-throated Roller Eurystomus gularis
1040 Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis
1041 Purple Roller Eurystomus azureus
Family Brachypteraciidae
1042 Short-legged Ground-Roller Brachypteracias leptosomus
1043 Scaly Ground-Roller Brachypteracias squamigera
1044 Pitta-like Ground-Roller Atelornis pittoides
1045 Rufous-headed Ground-Roller Atelornis crossleyi
1046 Long-tailed Ground-Roller Uratelornis chimaera
Family Leptosomidae
1047 Cuckoo Roller Leptosomus discolor
Family Momotidae
1048 Tody Motmot Hylomanes momotula
1049 Blue-throated Motmot Aspatha gularis
1050 Broad-billed Motmot Electron platyrhynchum
1051 Keel-billed Motmot Electron carinatum
1052 Turquoise-browed Motmot Eumomota superciliosa
1053 Rufous Motmot Baryphthengus martii
1054 Rufous-capped Motmot Baryphthengus ruficapillus
1055 Russet-crowned Motmot Momotus mexicanus
1056 Blue-crowned Motmot Momotus momota
Family Todidae
1057 Cuban Tody Todus multicolor
1058 Narrow-billed Tody Todus angustirostris
1059 Puerto Rican Tody Todus mexicanus
1060 Jamaican Tody Todus todus
1061 Broad-billed Tody Todus subulatus
Family Alcedinidae
1062 Blyth's Kingfisher Alcedo hercules
1063 Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis
1064 Half-collared Kingfisher Alcedo semitorquata
1065 Shining Blue Kingfisher Alcedo quadribrachys
1066 Blue-eared Kingfisher Alcedo meninting
1067 Azure Kingfisher Alcedo azurea
1068 Bismarck Kingfisher Alcedo websteri
1069 Blue-banded Kingfisher Alcedo euryzona
1070 Indigo-banded Kingfisher Alcedo cyanopecta
1071 Silvery Kingfisher Alcedo argentata
1072 Malachite Kingfisher Alcedo cristata
1073 Madagascar Kingfisher Alcedo vintsioides
1074 Sao Tome Kingfisher Alcedo thomensis
1075 Principe Kingfisher Alcedo nais
1076 White-bellied Kingfisher Alcedo leucogaster
1077 Small Blue Kingfisher Alcedo coerulescens
1078 Little Kingfisher Alcedo pusilla
1079 Variable Kingfisher Ceyx lepidus
1080 Black-backed Kingfisher Ceyx erithacus
1081 Rufous-backed Kingfisher Ceyx rufidorsa
1082 Philippine Kingfisher Ceyx melanurus
1083 Sulawesi Kingfisher Ceyx fallax
1084 Madagascar Pygmy-Kingfisher Ispidina madagascariensis
1085 African Pygmy-Kingfisher Ispidina picta
1086 Dwarf Kingfisher Ispidina lecontei
Family Dacelonidae
1087 Banded Kingfisher Lacedo pulchella
1088 Laughing Kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae
1089 Blue-winged Kookaburra Dacelo leachii
1090 Spangled Kookaburra Dacelo tyro
1091 Rufous-bellied Kookaburra Dacelo gaudichaud
1092 Shovel-billed Kookaburra Clytoceyx rex
1093 Lilac-cheeked Kingfisher Cittura cyanotis
1094 Brown-winged Kingfisher Pelargopsis amauropterus
1095 Stork-billed Kingfisher Pelargopsis capensis
1096 Black-billed Kingfisher Pelargopsis melanorhyncha
1097 Ruddy Kingfisher Halcyon coromanda
1098 Chocolate-backed Kingfisher Halcyon badia
1099 White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis
1100 Black-capped Kingfisher Halcyon pileata
1101 Javan Kingfisher Halcyon cyanoventris
1102 Grey-headed Kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala
1103 Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis
1104 Mangrove Kingfisher Halcyon senegaloides
1105 Blue-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon malimbica
1106 Brown-hooded Kingfisher Halcyon albiventris
1107 Striped Kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti
1108 Blue-black Kingfisher Todirhamphus nigrocyaneus
1109 Rufous-lored Kingfisher Todirhamphus winchelli
1110 Blue-and-white Kingfisher Todirhamphus diops
1111 Lazuli Kingfisher Todirhamphus lazuli
1112 Forest Kingfisher Todirhamphus macleayii
1113 New Britain Kingfisher Todirhamphus albonotatus
1114 Ultramarine Kingfisher Todirhamphus leucopygius
1115 Chestnut-bellied Kingfisher Todirhamphus farquhari
1116 Red-backed Kingfisher Todirhamphus pyrrhopygia
1117 Flat-billed Kingfisher Todirhamphus recurvirostris
1118 Micronesian Kingfisher Todirhamphus cinnamominus
1119 Sombre Kingfisher Todirhamphus funebris
1120 Collared Kingfisher Todirhamphus chloris
1121 Talaud Kingfisher Todirhamphus enigma
1122 Beach Kingfisher Todirhamphus saurophaga
1123 Cinnamon-banded Kingfisher Todirhamphus australasia
1124 Sacred Kingfisher Todirhamphus sanctus
1125 Tahiti Kingfisher Todirhamphus veneratus
1126 Mangaia Kingfisher Todirhamphus ruficollaris
1127 Chattering Kingfisher Todirhamphus tuta
1128 Marquesan Kingfisher Todirhamphus godeffroyi
1129 Tuamotu Kingfisher Todirhamphus gambieri
1130 White-rumped Kingfisher Caridonax fulgidus
1131 Hook-billed Kingfisher Melidora macrorrhina
1132 Moustached Kingfisher Actenoides bougainvillei
1133 Rufous-collared Kingfisher Actenoides concretus
1134 Spotted Kingfisher Actenoides lindsayi
1135 Blue-capped Kingfisher Actenoides hombroni
1136 Green-backed Kingfisher Actenoides monachus
1137 Scaly Kingfisher Actenoides princeps
1138 Yellow-billed Kingfisher Syma torotoro
1139 Mountain Kingfisher Syma megarhyncha
1140 Little Paradise-Kingfisher Tanysiptera hydrocharis
1141 Common Paradise-Kingfisher Tanysiptera galatea
1142 Kofiau Paradise-Kingfisher Tanysiptera ellioti
1143 Biak Paradise-Kingfisher Tanysiptera riedelii
1144 Numfor Paradise-Kingfisher Tanysiptera carolinae
1145 Red-breasted Paradise-Kingfisher Tanysiptera nympha
1146 Brown-headed Paradise-Kingfisher Tanysiptera danae
1147 Buff-breasted Paradise-Kingfisher Tanysiptera sylvia
Family Cerylidae
1148 Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima
1149 Crested Kingfisher Megaceryle lugubris
1150 Belted Kingfisher Megaceryle alcyon
1151 Ringed Kingfisher Megaceryle torquata
1152 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis
1153 Amazon Kingfisher Chloroceryle amazona
1154 Green Kingfisher Chloroceryle americana
1155 Green-and-rufous Kingfisher Chloroceryle inda
1156 American Pygmy Kingfisher Chloroceryle aenea
Family Meropidae
1157 Red-bearded Bee-eater Nyctyornis amictus
1158 Blue-bearded Bee-eater Nyctyornis athertoni
1159 Purple-bearded Bee-eater Meropogon forsteni
1160 Black Bee-eater Merops gularis
1161 Blue-headed Bee-eater Merops muelleri
1162 Red-throated Bee-eater Merops bulocki
1163 White-fronted Bee-eater Merops bullockoides
1164 Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus
1165 Blue-breasted Bee-eater Merops variegatus
1166 Cinnamon-chested Bee-eater Merops oreobates
1167 Swallow-tailed Bee-eater Merops hirundineus
1168 Black-headed Bee-eater Merops breweri
1169 Somali Bee-eater Merops revoilii
1170 White-throated Bee-eater Merops albicollis
1171 Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis
1172 Boehm's Bee-eater Merops boehmi
1173 Blue-throated Bee-eater Merops viridis
1174 Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus
1175 Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus
1176 Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops philippinus
1177 Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus
1178 European Bee-eater Merops apiaster
1179 Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti
1180 Rosy Bee-eater Merops malimbicus
1181 Northern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicus
1182 Southern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicoides
Order Coliiformes
Family Coliidae
1183 Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus
1184 White-headed Mousebird Colius leucocephalus
1185 Red-backed Mousebird Colius castanotus
1186 White-backed Mousebird Colius colius
1187 Blue-naped Mousebird Urocolius macrourus
1188 Red-faced Mousebird Urocolius indicus
Order Cuculiformes
Family Cuculidae
1189 Pied Cuckoo Oxylophus jacobinus
1190 Levaillant's Cuckoo Oxylophus levaillantii
1191 Chestnut-winged Cuckoo Clamator coromandus
1192 Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius
1193 Thick-billed Cuckoo Pachycoccyx audeberti
1194 Sulawesi Hawk-Cuckoo Cuculus crassirostris
1195 Large Hawk-Cuckoo Cuculus sparverioides
1196 Common Hawk-Cuckoo Cuculus varius
1197 Moustached Hawk-Cuckoo Cuculus vagans
1198 Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo Cuculus fugax
1199 Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius
1200 Black Cuckoo Cuculus clamosus
1201 Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus
1202 Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus
1203 African Cuckoo Cuculus gularis
1204 Oriental Cuckoo Cuculus saturatus
1205 Lesser Cuckoo Cuculus poliocephalus
1206 Madagascar Cuckoo Cuculus rochii
1207 Pallid Cuckoo Cuculus pallidus
1208 Dusky Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx mechowi
1209 Olive Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx olivinus
1210 Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx montanus
1211 Banded Bay Cuckoo Cacomantis sonneratii
1212 Grey-bellied Cuckoo Cacomantis passerinus
1213 Plaintive Cuckoo Cacomantis merulinus
1214 Rusty-breasted Cuckoo Cacomantis sepulcralis
1215 Brush Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus
1216 Chestnut-breasted Cuckoo Cacomantis castaneiventris
1217 Moluccan Cuckoo Cacomantis heinrichi
1218 Fan-tailed Cuckoo Cacomantis flabelliformis
1219 Long-billed Cuckoo Rhamphomantis megarhynchus
1220 Little Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx minutillus
1221 Gould's Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx russatus
1222 Green-cheeked Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx rufomerus
1223 Pied Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx crassirostris
1224 Shining Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx lucidus
1225 Horsfield's Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx basalis
1226 Rufous-throated Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx ruficollis
1227 White-eared Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx meyeri
1228 Asian Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx maculatus
1229 Violet Cuckoo Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus
1230 Black-eared Cuckoo Chrysococcyx osculans
1231 Yellow-throated Cuckoo Chrysococcyx flavigularis
1232 Klaas's Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas
1233 African Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx cupreus
1234 Dideric Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius
1235 White-crowned Koel Caliechthrus leucolophus
1236 Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris
1237 Dwarf Koel Microdynamis parva
1238 Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea
1239 Black-billed Koel Eudynamys melanorhyncha
1240 Australian Koel Eudynamys cyanocephala
1241 Long-tailed Koel Eudynamys taitensis
1242 Channel-billed Cuckoo Scythrops novaehollandiae
1243 Yellowbill Ceuthmochares aereus
1244 Black-bellied Malkoha Phaenicophaeus diardi
1245 Chestnut-bellied Malkoha Phaenicophaeus sumatranus
1246 Green-billed Malkoha Phaenicophaeus tristis
1247 Blue-faced Malkoha Phaenicophaeus viridirostris
1248 Sirkeer Malkoha Phaenicophaeus leschenaultii
1249 Raffles's Malkoha Phaenicophaeus chlorophaeus
1250 Red-billed Malkoha Phaenicophaeus javanicus
1251 Yellow-billed Malkoha Phaenicophaeus calyorhynchus
1252 Chestnut-breasted Malkoha Phaenicophaeus curvirostris
1253 Red-faced Malkoha Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus
1254 Red-crested Malkoha Phaenicophaeus superciliosus
1255 Scale-feathered Malkoha Phaenicophaeus cumingi
1256 Sunda Ground-Cuckoo Carpococcyx radiceus
1257 Coral-billed Ground-Cuckoo Carpococcyx renauldi
1258 Snail-eating Coua Coua delalandei
1259 Giant Coua Coua gigas
1260 Coquerel's Coua Coua coquereli
1261 Red-breasted Coua Coua serriana
1262 Red-fronted Coua Coua reynaudii
1263 Running Coua Coua cursor
1264 Red-capped Coua Coua ruficeps
1265 Crested Coua Coua cristata
1266 Verreaux's Coua Coua verreauxi
1267 Blue Coua Coua caerulea
Family Centropodidae
1268 Buff-headed Coucal Centropus milo
1269 Goliath Coucal Centropus goliath
1270 Violaceous Coucal Centropus violaceus
1271 Greater Black Coucal Centropus menbeki
1272 Pied Coucal Centropus ateralbus
1273 Pheasant Coucal Centropus phasianinus
1274 Kai Coucal Centropus spilopterus
1275 Lesser Black Coucal Centropus bernsteini
1276 Biak Coucal Centropus chalybeus
1277 Short-toed Coucal Centropus rectunguis
1278 Black-hooded Coucal Centropus steerii
1279 Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis
1280 Brown Coucal Centropus andamanensis
1281 Sunda Coucal Centropus nigrorufus
1282 Philippine Coucal Centropus viridis
1283 Madagascar Coucal Centropus toulou
1284 Black Coucal Centropus grillii
1285 Lesser Coucal Centropus bengalensis
1286 Green-billed Coucal Centropus chlororhynchus
1287 Black-throated Coucal Centropus leucogaster
1288 Gabon Coucal Centropus anselli
1289 Neumann's Coucal Centropus neumanni
1290 Blue-headed Coucal Centropus monachus
1291 Coppery-tailed Coucal Centropus cupreicaudus
1292 Senegal Coucal Centropus senegalensis
1293 White-browed Coucal Centropus superciliosus
1294 Burchell's Coucal Centropus burchelli
1295 Black-faced Coucal Centropus melanops
1296 Bay Coucal Centropus celebensis
1297 Rufous Coucal Centropus unirufus
Family Coccyzidae
1298 Dwarf Cuckoo Coccyzus pumilus
1299 Ash-colored Cuckoo Coccyzus cinereus
1300 Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus
1301 Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus
1302 Pearly-breasted Cuckoo Coccyzus euleri
1303 Mangrove Cuckoo Coccyzus minor
1304 Cocos Cuckoo Coccyzus ferrugineus
1305 Dark-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus melacoryphus
1306 Grey-capped Cuckoo Coccyzus lansbergi
1307 Chestnut-bellied Cuckoo Hyetornis pluvialis
1308 Bay-breasted Cuckoo Hyetornis rufigularis
1309 Squirrel Cuckoo Piaya cayana
1310 Black-bellied Cuckoo Piaya melanogaster
1311 Little Cuckoo Piaya minuta
1312 Great Lizard-Cuckoo Saurothera merlini
1313 Jamaican Lizard-Cuckoo Saurothera vetula
1314 Hispaniolan Lizard-Cuckoo Saurothera longirostris
1315 Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo Saurothera vieilloti
Family Opisthocomidae
1316 Hoatzin Opisthocomus hoazin
Family Crotophagidae
1317 Greater Ani Crotophaga major
1318 Smooth-billed Ani Crotophaga ani
1319 Groove-billed Ani Crotophaga sulcirostris
1320 Guira Cuckoo Guira guira
Family Neomorphidae
1321 Striped Cuckoo Tapera naevia
1322 Lesser Ground-Cuckoo Morococcyx erythropygus
1323 Pheasant Cuckoo Dromococcyx phasianellus
1324 Pavonine Cuckoo Dromococcyx pavoninus
1325 Greater Roadrunner Geococcyx californianus
1326 Lesser Roadrunner Geococcyx velox
1327 Rufous-vented Ground-Cuckoo Neomorphus geoffroyi
1328 Scaled Ground-Cuckoo Neomorphus squamiger
1329 Banded Ground-Cuckoo Neomorphus radiolosus
1330 Rufous-winged Ground-Cuckoo Neomorphus rufipennis
1331 Red-billed Ground-Cuckoo Neomorphus pucheranii
Order Psittaciformes
Family Psittacidae
1332 Black Lory Chalcopsitta atra
1333 Brown Lory Chalcopsitta duivenbodei
1334 Yellow-streaked Lory Chalcopsitta sintillata
1335 Cardinal Lory Chalcopsitta cardinalis
1336 Red-and-blue Lory Eos histrio
1337 Violet-necked Lory Eos squamata
1338 Red Lory Eos bornea
1339 Blue-streaked Lory Eos reticulata
1340 Black-winged Lory Eos cyanogenia
1341 Blue-eared Lory Eos semilarvata
1342 Dusky Lory Pseudeos fuscata
1343 Ornate Lorikeet Trichoglossus ornatus
1344 Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus
1345 Red-collared Lorikeet Trichoglossus rubritorquis
1346 Olive-headed Lorikeet Trichoglossus euteles
1347 Yellow-and-green Lorikeet Trichoglossus flavoviridis
1348 Mindanao Lorikeet Trichoglossus johnstoniae
1349 Pohnpei Lorikeet Trichoglossus rubiginosus
1350 Scaly-breasted Lorikeet Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus
1351 Varied Lorikeet Psitteuteles versicolor
1352 Iris Lorikeet Psitteuteles iris
1353 Goldie's Lorikeet Psitteuteles goldiei
1354 Chattering Lory Lorius garrulus
1355 Purple-naped Lory Lorius domicella
1356 Black-capped Lory Lorius lory
1357 Purple-bellied Lory Lorius hypoinochrous
1358 White-naped Lory Lorius albidinuchus
1359 Yellow-bibbed Lory Lorius chlorocercus
1360 Collared Lory Phigys solitarius
1361 Blue-crowned Lorikeet Vini australis
1362 Kuhl's Lorikeet Vini kuhlii
1363 Stephen's Lorikeet Vini stepheni
1364 Blue Lorikeet Vini peruviana
1365 Ultramarine Lorikeet Vini ultramarina
1366 Musk Lorikeet Glossopsitta concinna
1367 Little Lorikeet Glossopsitta pusilla
1368 Purple-crowned Lorikeet Glossopsitta porphyrocephala
1369 Palm Lorikeet Charmosyna palmarum
1370 Red-chinned Lorikeet Charmosyna rubrigularis
1371 Meek's Lorikeet Charmosyna meeki
1372 Blue-fronted Lorikeet Charmosyna toxopei
1373 Striated Lorikeet Charmosyna multistriata
1374 Pygmy Lorikeet Charmosyna wilhelminae
1375 Red-fronted Lorikeet Charmosyna rubronotata
1376 Red-flanked Lorikeet Charmosyna placentis
1377 New Caledonian Lorikeet Charmosyna diadema
1378 Red-throated Lorikeet Charmosyna amabilis
1379 Duchess Lorikeet Charmosyna margarethae
1380 Fairy Lorikeet Charmosyna pulchella
1381 Josephine's Lorikeet Charmosyna josefinae
1382 Papuan Lorikeet Charmosyna papou
1383 Plum-faced Lorikeet Oreopsittacus arfaki
1384 Yellow-billed Lorikeet Neopsittacus musschenbroekii
1385 Orange-billed Lorikeet Neopsittacus pullicauda
1386 Palm Cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus
1387 White-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus baudinii
1388 Slender-billed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus latirostris
1389 Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus
1390 Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii
1391 Glossy Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami
1392 Gang-gang Cockatoo Callocephalon fimbriatum
1393 Galah Eolophus roseicapillus
1394 Pink Cockatoo Cacatua leadbeateri
1395 Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea
1396 Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita
1397 Blue-eyed Cockatoo Cacatua ophthalmica
1398 Salmon-crested Cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis
1399 White Cockatoo Cacatua alba
1400 Philippine Cockatoo Cacatua haematuropygia
1401 Tanimbar Cockatoo Cacatua goffini
1402 Little Corella Cacatua sanguinea
1403 Western Corella Cacatua pastinator
1404 Long-billed Corella Cacatua tenuirostris
1405 Ducorps's Cockatoo Cacatua ducorpsii
1406 Cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus
1407 Kea Nestor notabilis
1408 Norfolk Island Kaka Nestor productus
1409 New Zealand Kaka Nestor meridionalis
1410 Yellow-capped Pygmy-Parrot Micropsitta keiensis
1411 Geelvink Pygmy-Parrot Micropsitta geelvinkiana
1412 Buff-faced Pygmy-Parrot Micropsitta pusio
1413 Meek's Pygmy-Parrot Micropsitta meeki
1414 Finsch's Pygmy-Parrot Micropsitta finschii
1415 Red-breasted Pygmy-Parrot Micropsitta bruijnii
1416 Orange-breasted Fig-Parrot Cyclopsitta gulielmitertii
1417 Double-eyed Fig-Parrot Cyclopsitta diophthalma
1418 Large Fig-Parrot Psittaculirostris desmarestii
1419 Edwards's Fig-Parrot Psittaculirostris edwardsii
1420 Salvadori's Fig-Parrot Psittaculirostris salvadorii
1421 Guaiabero Bolbopsittacus lunulatus
1422 Blue-rumped Parrot Psittinus cyanurus
1423 Brehm's Tiger-Parrot Psittacella brehmii
1424 Painted Tiger-Parrot Psittacella picta
1425 Modest Tiger-Parrot Psittacella modesta
1426 Madarasz's Tiger-Parrot Psittacella madaraszi
1427 Red-cheeked Parrot Geoffroyus geoffroyi
1428 Blue-collared Parrot Geoffroyus simplex
1429 Singing Parrot Geoffroyus heteroclitus
1430 Montane Racquet-tail Prioniturus montanus
1431 Mindanao Racquet-tail Prioniturus waterstradti
1432 Blue-headed Racquet-tail Prioniturus platenae
1433 Green Racquet-tail Prioniturus luconensis
1434 Blue-crowned Racquet-tail Prioniturus discurus
1435 Blue-winged Racquet-tail Prioniturus verticalis
1436 Yellowish-breasted Racquet-tail Prioniturus flavicans
1437 Golden-mantled Racquet-tail Prioniturus platurus
1438 Buru Racquet-tail Prioniturus mada
1439 Great-billed Parrot Tanygnathus megalorynchos
1440 Blue-naped Parrot Tanygnathus lucionensis
1441 Blue-backed Parrot Tanygnathus sumatranus
1442 Black-lored Parrot Tanygnathus gramineus
1443 Eclectus Parrot Eclectus roratus
1444 Pesquet's Parrot Psittrichas fulgidus
1445 Crimson Shining-Parrot Prosopeia splendens
1446 Masked Shining-Parrot Prosopeia personata
1447 Red Shining-Parrot Prosopeia tabuensis
1448 Australian King-Parrot Alisterus scapularis
1449 Moluccan King-Parrot Alisterus amboinensis
1450 Papuan King-Parrot Alisterus chloropterus
1451 Olive-shouldered Parrot Aprosmictus jonquillaceus
1452 Red-winged Parrot Aprosmictus erythropterus
1453 Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii
1454 Regent Parrot Polytelis anthopeplus
1455 Alexandra's Parrot Polytelis alexandrae
1456 Red-capped Parrot Purpureicephalus spurius
1457 Port Lincoln Ringneck Platycercus zonarius
1458 Mallee Ringneck Platycercus barnardi
1459 Green Rosella Platycercus caledonicus
1460 Crimson Rosella Platycercus elegans
1461 Yellow Rosella Platycercus flaveolus
1462 Northern Rosella Platycercus venustus
1463 Pale-headed Rosella Platycercus adscitus
1464 Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius
1465 Western Rosella Platycercus icterotis
1466 Bluebonnet Northiella haematogaster
1467 Red-rumped Parrot Psephotus haematonotus
1468 Mulga Parrot Psephotus varius
1469 Hooded Parrot Psephotus dissimilis
1470 Golden-shouldered Parrot Psephotus chrysopterygius
1471 Paradise Parrot Psephotus pulcherrimus
1472 Antipodes Parakeet Cyanoramphus unicolor
1473 Norfolk Island Parakeet Cyanoramphus cookii
1474 Red-fronted Parakeet Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae
1475 Yellow-fronted Parakeet Cyanoramphus auriceps
1476 Black-fronted Parakeet Cyanoramphus zealandicus
1477 Raiatea Parakeet Cyanoramphus ulietanus
1478 Horned Parakeet Eunymphicus cornutus
1479 Bourke's Parrot Neopsephotus bourkii
1480 Blue-winged Parrot Neophema chrysostoma
1481 Elegant Parrot Neophema elegans
1482 Rock Parrot Neophema petrophila
1483 Orange-bellied Parrot Neophema chrysogaster
1484 Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella
1485 Scarlet-chested Parrot Neophema splendida
1486 Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor
1487 Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus
1488 Ground Parrot Pezoporus wallicus
1489 Night Parrot Geopsittacus occidentalis
1490 Kakapo Strigops habroptilus
1491 Mascarene Parrot Mascarinus mascarinus
1492 Vasa Parrot Coracopsis vasa
1493 Black Parrot Coracopsis nigra
1494 Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus
1495 Brown-necked Parrot Poicephalus robustus
1496 Red-fronted Parrot Poicephalus gulielmi
1497 Senegal Parrot Poicephalus senegalus
1498 Niam-niam Parrot Poicephalus crassus
1499 Meyer's Parrot Poicephalus meyeri
1500 Yellow-fronted Parrot Poicephalus flavifrons
1501 Red-bellied Parrot Poicephalus rufiventris
1502 Brown-headed Parrot Poicephalus cryptoxanthus
1503 Rueppell's Parrot Poicephalus rueppellii
1504 Grey-headed Lovebird Agapornis canus
1505 Red-headed Lovebird Agapornis pullarius
1506 Black-winged Lovebird Agapornis taranta
1507 Black-collared Lovebird Agapornis swindernianus
1508 Rosy-faced Lovebird Agapornis roseicollis
1509 Fischer's Lovebird Agapornis fischeri
1510 Yellow-collared Lovebird Agapornis personatus
1511 Lilian's Lovebird Agapornis lilianae
1512 Black-cheeked Lovebird Agapornis nigrigenis
1513 Vernal Hanging-Parrot Loriculus vernalis
1514 Ceylon Hanging-Parrot Loriculus beryllinus
1515 Colasisi Loriculus philippensis
1516 Blue-crowned Hanging-Parrot Loriculus galgulus
1517 Sulawesi Hanging-Parrot Loriculus stigmatus
1518 Moluccan Hanging-Parrot Loriculus amabilis
1519 Sangihe Hanging-Parrot Loriculus catamene
1520 Orange-fronted Hanging-Parrot Loriculus aurantiifrons
1521 Green-fronted Hanging-Parrot Loriculus tener
1522 Red-billed Hanging-Parrot Loriculus exilis
1523 Yellow-throated Hanging-Parrot Loriculus pusillus
1524 Wallace's Hanging-Parrot Loriculus flosculus
1525 Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria
1526 Seychelles Parakeet Psittacula wardi
1527 Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri
1528 Mauritius Parakeet Psittacula echo
1529 Newton's Parakeet Psittacula exsul
1530 Slaty-headed Parakeet Psittacula himalayana
1531 Grey-headed Parakeet Psittacula finschii
1532 Intermediate Parakeet Psittacula intermedia
1533 Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala
1534 Blossom-headed Parakeet Psittacula roseata
1535 Malabar Parakeet Psittacula columboides
1536 Layard's Parakeet Psittacula calthropae
1537 Derbyan Parakeet Psittacula derbiana
1538 Red-breasted Parakeet Psittacula alexandri
1539 Nicobar Parakeet Psittacula caniceps
1540 Long-tailed Parakeet Psittacula longicauda
1541 Hyacinth Macaw Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus
1542 Indigo Macaw Anodorhynchus leari
1543 Glaucous Macaw Anodorhynchus glaucus
1544 Little Blue Macaw Cyanopsitta spixii
1545 Blue-and-yellow Macaw Ara ararauna
1546 Blue-throated Macaw Ara glaucogularis
1547 Military Macaw Ara militaris
1548 Great Green Macaw Ara ambigua
1549 Scarlet Macaw Ara macao
1550 Red-and-green Macaw Ara chloropterus
1551 Cuban Macaw Ara cubensis
1552 Hispaniolan Macaw Ara tricolor
1553 Red-fronted Macaw Ara rubrogenys
1554 Chestnut-fronted Macaw Ara severa
1555 Red-bellied Macaw Ara manilata
1556 Blue-headed Macaw Ara couloni
1557 Blue-winged Macaw Ara maracana
1558 Yellow-collared Macaw Ara auricollis
1559 Red-shouldered Macaw Ara nobilis
1560 Blue-crowned Parakeet Aratinga acuticaudata
1561 Golden Parakeet Aratinga guarouba
1562 Green Parakeet Aratinga holochlora
1563 Pacific Parakeet Aratinga strenua
1564 Scarlet-fronted Parakeet Aratinga wagleri
1565 Mitred Parakeet Aratinga mitrata
1566 Red-masked Parakeet Aratinga erythrogenys
1567 Crimson-fronted Parakeet Aratinga finschi
1568 White-eyed Parakeet Aratinga leucophthalmus
1569 Cuban Parakeet Aratinga euops
1570 Hispaniolan Parakeet Aratinga chloroptera
1571 Sun Parakeet Aratinga solstitialis
1572 Jandaya Parakeet Aratinga jandaya
1573 Golden-capped Parakeet Aratinga auricapilla
1574 Dusky-headed Parakeet Aratinga weddellii
1575 Olive-throated Parakeet Aratinga nana
1576 Orange-fronted Parakeet Aratinga canicularis
1577 Peach-fronted Parakeet Aratinga aurea
1578 Brown-throated Parakeet Aratinga pertinax
1579 Cactus Parakeet Aratinga cactorum
1580 Nanday Parakeet Nandayus nenday
1581 Golden-plumed Parakeet Leptosittaca branickii
1582 Yellow-eared Parrot Ognorhynchus icterotis
1583 Thick-billed Parrot Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha
1584 Maroon-fronted Parrot Rhynchopsitta terrisi
1585 Carolina Parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis
1586 Burrowing Parakeet Cyanoliseus patagonus
1587 Blue-throated Parakeet Pyrrhura cruentata
1588 Blaze-winged Parakeet Pyrrhura devillei
1589 Maroon-bellied Parakeet Pyrrhura frontalis
1590 Pearly Parakeet Pyrrhura perlata
1591 Crimson-bellied Parakeet Pyrrhura rhodogaster
1592 Green-cheeked Parakeet Pyrrhura molinae
1593 Painted Parakeet Pyrrhura picta
1594 White-eared Parakeet Pyrrhura leucotis
1595 Santa Marta Parakeet Pyrrhura viridicata
1596 Fiery-shouldered Parakeet Pyrrhura egregia
1597 Maroon-tailed Parakeet Pyrrhura melanura
1598 El Oro Parakeet Pyrrhura orcesi
1599 Black-capped Parakeet Pyrrhura rupicola
1600 White-necked Parakeet Pyrrhura albipectus
1601 Brown-breasted Parakeet Pyrrhura calliptera
1602 Red-eared Parakeet Pyrrhura hoematotis
1603 Rose-headed Parakeet Pyrrhura rhodocephala
1604 Sulphur-winged Parakeet Pyrrhura hoffmanni
1605 Austral Parakeet Enicognathus ferrugineus
1606 Slender-billed Parakeet Enicognathus leptorhynchus
1607 Monk Parakeet Myiopsitta monachus
1608 Grey-hooded Parakeet Bolborhynchus aymara
1609 Mountain Parakeet Bolborhynchus aurifrons
1610 Barred Parakeet Bolborhynchus lineola
1611 Andean Parakeet Bolborhynchus orbygnesius
1612 Rufous-fronted Parakeet Bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons
1613 Mexican Parrotlet Forpus cyanopygius
1614 Green-rumped Parrotlet Forpus passerinus
1615 Blue-winged Parrotlet Forpus xanthopterygius
1616 Spectacled Parrotlet Forpus conspicillatus
1617 Dusky-billed Parrotlet Forpus sclateri
1618 Pacific Parrotlet Forpus coelestis
1619 Yellow-faced Parrotlet Forpus xanthops
1620 Plain Parakeet Brotogeris tirica
1621 Canary-winged Parakeet Brotogeris versicolurus
1622 Yellow-chevroned Parakeet Brotogeris chiriri
1623 Grey-cheeked Parakeet Brotogeris pyrrhopterus
1624 Orange-chinned Parakeet Brotogeris jugularis
1625 Cobalt-winged Parakeet Brotogeris cyanoptera
1626 Golden-winged Parakeet Brotogeris chrysopterus
1627 Tui Parakeet Brotogeris sanctithomae
1628 Tepui Parrotlet Nannopsittaca panychlora
1629 Amazonian Parrotlet Nannopsittaca dachilleae
1630 Lilac-tailed Parrotlet Touit batavica
1631 Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet Touit huetii
1632 Red-fronted Parrotlet Touit costaricensis
1633 Blue-fronted Parrotlet Touit dilectissima
1634 Sapphire-rumped Parrotlet Touit purpurata
1635 Brown-backed Parrotlet Touit melanonotus
1636 Golden-tailed Parrotlet Touit surda
1637 Spot-winged Parrotlet Touit stictoptera
1638 Black-headed Parrot Pionites melanocephala
1639 White-bellied Parrot Pionites leucogaster
1640 Pileated Parrot Pionopsitta pileata
1641 Brown-hooded Parrot Pionopsitta haematotis
1642 Rose-faced Parrot Pionopsitta pulchra
1643 Orange-cheeked Parrot Pionopsitta barrabandi
1644 Saffron-headed Parrot Pionopsitta pyrilia
1645 Caica Parrot Pionopsitta caica
1646 Vulturine Parrot Gypopsitta vulturina
1647 Black-winged Parrot Hapalopsittaca melanotis
1648 Rusty-faced Parrot Hapalopsittaca amazonina
1649 Indigo-winged Parrot Hapalopsittaca fuertesi
1650 Red-faced Parrot Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops
1651 Short-tailed Parrot Graydidascalus brachyurus
1652 Blue-headed Parrot Pionus menstruus
1653 Red-billed Parrot Pionus sordidus
1654 Scaly-headed Parrot Pionus maximiliani
1655 Speckle-faced Parrot Pionus tumultuosus
1656 White-crowned Parrot Pionus senilis
1657 Bronze-winged Parrot Pionus chalcopterus
1658 Dusky Parrot Pionus fuscus
1659 Cuban Parrot Amazona leucocephala
1660 Yellow-billed Parrot Amazona collaria
1661 Hispaniolan Parrot Amazona ventralis
1662 White-fronted Parrot Amazona albifrons
1663 Yellow-lored Parrot Amazona xantholora
1664 Black-billed Parrot Amazona agilis
1665 Puerto Rican Parrot Amazona vittata
1666 Tucuman Parrot Amazona tucumana
1667 Red-spectacled Parrot Amazona pretrei
1668 Red-crowned Parrot Amazona viridigenalis
1669 Lilac-crowned Parrot Amazona finschi
1670 Red-lored Parrot Amazona autumnalis
1671 Blue-cheeked Parrot Amazona dufresniana
1672 Red-browed Parrot Amazona rhodocorytha
1673 Red-tailed Parrot Amazona brasiliensis
1674 Festive Parrot Amazona festiva
1675 Yellow-faced Parrot Amazona xanthops
1676 Yellow-shouldered Parrot Amazona barbadensis
1677 Blue-fronted Parrot Amazona aestiva
1678 Yellow-headed Parrot Amazona oratrix
1679 Yellow-naped Parrot Amazona auropalliata
1680 Yellow-crowned Parrot Amazona ochrocephala
1681 Orange-winged Parrot Amazona amazonica
1682 Scaly-naped Parrot Amazona mercenaria
1683 Kawall's Parrot Amazona kawalli
1684 Mealy Parrot Amazona farinosa
1685 Vinaceous Parrot Amazona vinacea
1686 St. Lucia Parrot Amazona versicolor
1687 Red-necked Parrot Amazona arausiaca
1688 St. Vincent Parrot Amazona guildingii
1689 Imperial Parrot Amazona imperialis
1690 Red-fan Parrot Deroptyus accipitrinus
1691 Blue-bellied Parrot Triclaria malachitacea
Order Apodiformes
Family Apodidae
1692 Chestnut-collared Swift Cypseloides rutilus
1693 Tepui Swift Cypseloides phelpsi
1694 Black Swift Cypseloides niger
1695 White-chested Swift Cypseloides lemosi
1696 Rothschild's Swift Cypseloides rothschildi
1697 Sooty Swift Cypseloides fumigatus
1698 Spot-fronted Swift Cypseloides cherriei
1699 White-fronted Swift Cypseloides storeri
1700 White-chinned Swift Cypseloides cryptus
1701 Great Dusky Swift Cypseloides senex
1702 White-collared Swift Streptoprocne zonaris
1703 Biscutate Swift Streptoprocne biscutata
1704 White-naped Swift Streptoprocne semicollaris
1705 Waterfall Swift Hydrochous gigas
1706 Glossy Swiftlet Collocalia esculenta
1707 Cave Swiftlet Collocalia linchi
1708 Pygmy Swiftlet Collocalia troglodytes
1709 Seychelles Swiftlet Collocalia elaphra
1710 Mascarene Swiftlet Collocalia francica
1711 Indian Swiftlet Collocalia unicolor
1712 Philippine Swiftlet Collocalia mearnsi
1713 Moluccan Swiftlet Collocalia infuscata
1714 Mountain Swiftlet Collocalia hirundinacea
1715 White-rumped Swiftlet Collocalia spodiopygius
1716 Australian Swiftlet Collocalia terraereginae
1717 Himalayan Swiftlet Collocalia brevirostris
1718 Volcano Swiftlet Collocalia vulcanorum
1719 Indochinese Swiftlet Collocalia rogersi
1720 Whitehead's Swiftlet Collocalia whiteheadi
1721 Bare-legged Swiftlet Collocalia nuditarsus
1722 Mayr's Swiftlet Collocalia orientalis
1723 Mossy-nest Swiftlet Collocalia salangana
1724 Palawan Swiftlet Collocalia palawanensis
1725 Grey Swiftlet Collocalia amelis
1726 Uniform Swiftlet Collocalia vanikorensis
1727 Palau Swiftlet Collocalia pelewensis
1728 Micronesian Swiftlet Collocalia inquieta
1729 Atiu Swiftlet Collocalia sawtelli
1730 Tahiti Swiftlet Collocalia leucophaeus
1731 Marquesan Swiftlet Collocalia ocista
1732 Black-nest Swiftlet Collocalia maxima
1733 Edible-nest Swiftlet Collocalia fuciphaga
1734 German's Swiftlet Collocalia germani
1735 Papuan Swiftlet Collocalia papuensis
1736 Scarce Swift Schoutedenapus myoptilus
1737 Schouteden's Swift Schoutedenapus schoutedeni
1738 Philippine Needletail Mearnsia picina
1739 Papuan Needletail Mearnsia novaeguineae
1740 Malagasy Spinetail Zoonavena grandidieri
1741 Sao Tome Spinetail Zoonavena thomensis
1742 White-rumped Spinetail Zoonavena sylvatica
1743 Mottled Spinetail Telacanthura ussheri
1744 Black Spinetail Telacanthura melanopygia
1745 Silver-rumped Spinetail Rhaphidura leucopygialis
1746 Sabine's Spinetail Rhaphidura sabini
1747 Cassin's Spinetail Neafrapus cassini
1748 Bat-like Spinetail Neafrapus boehmi
1749 White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus
1750 Silver-backed Needletail Hirundapus cochinchinensis
1751 Brown-backed Needletail Hirundapus giganteus
1752 Purple Needletail Hirundapus celebensis
1753 Band-rumped Swift Chaetura spinicauda
1754 Lesser Antillean Swift Chaetura martinica
1755 Grey-rumped Swift Chaetura cinereiventris
1756 Pale-rumped Swift Chaetura egregia
1757 Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica
1758 Vaux's Swift Chaetura vauxi
1759 Chapman's Swift Chaetura chapmani
1760 Short-tailed Swift Chaetura brachyura
1761 Ashy-tailed Swift Chaetura andrei
1762 White-throated Swift Aeronautes saxatalis
1763 White-tipped Swift Aeronautes montivagus
1764 Andean Swift Aeronautes andecolus
1765 Antillean Palm-Swift Tachornis phoenicobia
1766 Pygmy Swift Tachornis furcata
1767 Fork-tailed Palm-Swift Tachornis squamata
1768 Great Swallow-tailed Swift Panyptila sanctihieronymi
1769 Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift Panyptila cayennensis
1770 African Palm-Swift Cypsiurus parvus
1771 Asian Palm-Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis
1772 Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba
1773 Mottled Swift Tachymarptis aequatorialis
1774 Alexander's Swift Apus alexandri
1775 Common Swift Apus apus
1776 Plain Swift Apus unicolor
1777 Nyanza Swift Apus niansae
1778 Pallid Swift Apus pallidus
1779 African Swift Apus barbatus
1780 Forbes-Watson's Swift Apus berliozi
1781 Bradfield's Swift Apus bradfieldi
1782 Madagascar Swift Apus balstoni
1783 Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus
1784 Dark-rumped Swift Apus acuticauda
1785 Little Swift Apus affinis
1786 House Swift Apus nipalensis
1787 Horus Swift Apus horus
1788 Loanda Swift Apus toulsoni
1789 White-rumped Swift Apus caffer
1790 Bates's Swift Apus batesi
Family Hemiprocnidae
1791 Crested Treeswift Hemiprocne coronata
1792 Grey-rumped Treeswift Hemiprocne longipennis
1793 Moustached Treeswift Hemiprocne mystacea
1794 Whiskered Treeswift Hemiprocne comata
Order Trochiliformes
Family Trochilidae
1795 Bronzy Hermit Glaucis aenea
1796 Rufous-breasted Hermit Glaucis hirsuta
1797 Sooty Barbthroat Threnetes niger
1798 Band-tailed Barbthroat Threnetes ruckeri
1799 Pale-tailed Barbthroat Threnetes leucurus
1800 White-whiskered Hermit Phaethornis yaruqui
1801 Green Hermit Phaethornis guy
1802 Tawny-bellied Hermit Phaethornis syrmatophorus
1803 Long-tailed Hermit Phaethornis superciliosus
1804 Great-billed Hermit Phaethornis malaris
1805 Scale-throated Hermit Phaethornis eurynome
1806 White-bearded Hermit Phaethornis hispidus
1807 Pale-bellied Hermit Phaethornis anthophilus
1808 Straight-billed Hermit Phaethornis bourcieri
1809 Koepcke's Hermit Phaethornis koepckeae
1810 Needle-billed Hermit Phaethornis philippii
1811 Dusky-throated Hermit Phaethornis squalidus
1812 Sooty-capped Hermit Phaethornis augusti
1813 Planalto Hermit Phaethornis pretrei
1814 Buff-bellied Hermit Phaethornis subochraceus
1815 Cinnamon-throated Hermit Phaethornis nattereri
1816 Broad-tipped Hermit Phaethornis gounellei
1817 Reddish Hermit Phaethornis ruber
1818 White-browed Hermit Phaethornis stuarti
1819 Grey-chinned Hermit Phaethornis griseogularis
1820 Little Hermit Phaethornis longuemareus
1821 Minute Hermit Phaethornis idaliae
1822 White-tipped Sicklebill Eutoxeres aquila
1823 Buff-tailed Sicklebill Eutoxeres condamini
1824 Tooth-billed Hummingbird Androdon aequatorialis
1825 Saw-billed Hermit Ramphodon naevius
1826 Hook-billed Hermit Ramphodon dohrnii
1827 Blue-fronted Lancebill Doryfera johannae
1828 Green-fronted Lancebill Doryfera ludovicae
1829 Scaly-breasted Hummingbird Phaeochroa cuvierii
1830 Wedge-tailed Sabrewing Campylopterus curvipennis
1831 Long-tailed Sabrewing Campylopterus excellens
1832 Grey-breasted Sabrewing Campylopterus largipennis
1833 Rufous Sabrewing Campylopterus rufus
1834 Rufous-breasted Sabrewing Campylopterus hyperythrus
1835 Buff-breasted Sabrewing Campylopterus duidae
1836 Violet Sabrewing Campylopterus hemileucurus
1837 White-tailed Sabrewing Campylopterus ensipennis
1838 Lazuline Sabrewing Campylopterus falcatus
1839 Santa Marta Sabrewing Campylopterus phainopeplus
1840 Napo Sabrewing Campylopterus villaviscensio
1841 Swallow-tailed Hummingbird Eupetomena macroura
1842 White-necked Jacobin Florisuga mellivora
1843 Black Jacobin Melanotrochilus fuscus
1844 Brown Violet-ear Colibri delphinae
1845 Green Violet-ear Colibri thalassinus
1846 Sparkling Violet-ear Colibri coruscans
1847 White-vented Violet-ear Colibri serrirostris
1848 Green-throated Mango Anthracothorax viridigula
1849 Green-breasted Mango Anthracothorax prevostii
1850 Black-throated Mango Anthracothorax nigricollis
1851 Jamaican Mango Anthracothorax mango
1852 Antillean Mango Anthracothorax dominicus
1853 Green Mango Anthracothorax viridis
1854 Fiery-tailed Awlbill Avocettula recurvirostris
1855 Purple-throated Carib Eulampis jugularis
1856 Green-throated Carib Eulampis holosericeus
1857 Ruby-topaz Hummingbird Chrysolampis mosquitus
1858 Antillean Crested Hummingbird Orthorhyncus cristatus
1859 Violet-headed Hummingbird Klais guimeti
1860 Emerald-chinned Hummingbird Abeillia abeillei
1861 Plovercrest Stephanoxis lalandi
1862 Tufted Coquette Lophornis ornatus
1863 Dot-eared Coquette Lophornis gouldii
1864 Frilled Coquette Lophornis magnificus
1865 Short-crested Coquette Lophornis brachylopha
1866 Rufous-crested Coquette Lophornis delattrei
1867 Spangled Coquette Lophornis stictolophus
1868 Festive Coquette Lophornis chalybeus
1869 Peacock Coquette Lophornis pavoninus
1870 Black-crested Coquette Lophornis helenae
1871 White-crested Coquette Lophornis adorabilis
1872 Wire-crested Thorntail Popelairia popelairii
1873 Black-bellied Thorntail Popelairia langsdorffi
1874 Coppery Thorntail Popelairia letitiae
1875 Green Thorntail Popelairia conversii
1876 Racket-tailed Coquette Discosura longicauda
1877 Blue-chinned Sapphire Chlorestes notatus
1878 Fork-tailed Emerald Chlorostilbon canivetii
1879 Garden Emerald Chlorostilbon assimilis
1880 Blue-tailed Emerald Chlorostilbon mellisugus
1881 Glittering-bellied Emerald Chlorostilbon aureoventris
1882 Cuban Emerald Chlorostilbon ricordii
1883 Brace's Emerald Chlorostilbon bracei
1884 Hispaniolan Emerald Chlorostilbon swainsonii
1885 Puerto Rican Emerald Chlorostilbon maugaeus
1886 Red-billed Emerald Chlorostilbon gibsoni
1887 Coppery Emerald Chlorostilbon russatus
1888 Narrow-tailed Emerald Chlorostilbon stenura
1889 Green-tailed Emerald Chlorostilbon alice
1890 Short-tailed Emerald Chlorostilbon poortmani
1891 Dusky Hummingbird Cynanthus sordidus
1892 Broad-billed Hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris
1893 Blue-headed Hummingbird Cyanophaia bicolor
1894 Mexican Woodnymph Thalurania ridgwayi
1895 Blue-crowned Woodnymph Thalurania colombica
1896 Green-crowned Woodnymph Thalurania fannyi
1897 Fork-tailed Woodnymph Thalurania furcata
1898 Long-tailed Woodnymph Thalurania watertonii
1899 Violet-capped Woodnymph Thalurania glaucopis
1900 Fiery-throated Hummingbird Panterpe insignis
1901 Violet-bellied Hummingbird Damophila julie
1902 Sapphire-throated Hummingbird Lepidopyga coeruleogularis
1903 Sapphire-bellied Hummingbird Lepidopyga lilliae
1904 Shining-green Hummingbird Lepidopyga goudoti
1905 Xantus's Hummingbird Hylocharis xantusii
1906 White-eared Hummingbird Hylocharis leucotis
1907 Blue-throated Goldentail Hylocharis eliciae
1908 Rufous-throated Sapphire Hylocharis sapphirina
1909 White-chinned Sapphire Hylocharis cyanus
1910 Flame-rumped Sapphire Hylocharis pyropygia
1911 Gilded Hummingbird Hylocharis chrysura
1912 Blue-headed Sapphire Hylocharis grayi
1913 Golden-tailed Sapphire Chrysuronia oenone
1914 Violet-capped Hummingbird Goldmania violiceps
1915 Rufous-cheeked Hummingbird Goethalsia bella
1916 Streamertail Trochilus polytmus
1917 White-throated Hummingbird Leucochloris albicollis
1918 White-tailed Goldenthroat Polytmus guainumbi
1919 Tepui Goldenthroat Polytmus milleri
1920 Green-tailed Goldenthroat Polytmus theresiae
1921 Buffy Hummingbird Leucippus fallax
1922 Tumbes Hummingbird Leucippus baeri
1923 Spot-throated Hummingbird Leucippus taczanowskii
1924 Olive-spotted Hummingbird Leucippus chlorocercus
1925 Many-spotted Hummingbird Taphrospilus hypostictus
1926 Green-and-white Hummingbird Amazilia viridicauda
1927 White-bellied Hummingbird Amazilia chionogaster
1928 White-bellied Emerald Amazilia candida
1929 White-chested Emerald Amazilia chionopectus
1930 Versicolored Emerald Amazilia versicolor
1931 Honduran Emerald Amazilia luciae
1932 Glittering-throated Emerald Amazilia fimbriata
1933 Tachira Emerald Amazilia distans
1934 Sapphire-spangled Emerald Amazilia lactea
1935 Blue-chested Hummingbird Amazilia amabilis
1936 Charming Hummingbird Amazilia decora
1937 Purple-chested Hummingbird Amazilia rosenbergi
1938 Mangrove Hummingbird Amazilia boucardi
1939 Andean Emerald Amazilia franciae
1940 Plain-bellied Emerald Amazilia leucogaster
1941 Azure-crowned Hummingbird Amazilia cyanocephala
1942 Indigo-capped Hummingbird Amazilia cyanifrons
1943 Berylline Hummingbird Amazilia beryllina
1944 Blue-tailed Hummingbird Amazilia cyanura
1945 Steely-vented Hummingbird Amazilia saucerrottei
1946 Copper-rumped Hummingbird Amazilia tobaci
1947 Green-bellied Hummingbird Amazilia viridigaster
1948 Snowy-breasted Hummingbird Amazilia edward
1949 Cinnamon Hummingbird Amazilia rutila
1950 Buff-bellied Hummingbird Amazilia yucatanensis
1951 Rufous-tailed Hummingbird Amazilia tzacatl
1952 Chestnut-bellied Hummingbird Amazilia castaneiventris
1953 Amazilia Hummingbird Amazilia amazilia
1954 Green-fronted Hummingbird Amazilia viridifrons
1955 Violet-crowned Hummingbird Amazilia violiceps
1956 White-tailed Hummingbird Eupherusa poliocerca
1957 Stripe-tailed Hummingbird Eupherusa eximia
1958 Blue-capped Hummingbird Eupherusa cyanophrys
1959 Black-bellied Hummingbird Eupherusa nigriventris
1960 White-tailed Emerald Elvira chionura
1961 Coppery-headed Emerald Elvira cupreiceps
1962 Snowcap Microchera albocoronata
1963 White-vented Plumeleteer Chalybura buffonii
1964 Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer Chalybura urochrysia
1965 Sombre Hummingbird Aphantochroa cirrochloris
1966 Blue-throated Hummingbird Lampornis clemenciae
1967 Amethyst-throated Hummingbird Lampornis amethystinus
1968 Green-throated Mountain-gem Lampornis viridipallens
1969 Green-breasted Mountain-gem Lampornis sybillae
1970 White-bellied Mountain-gem Lampornis hemileucus
1971 Variable Mountain-gem Lampornis castaneoventris
1972 Garnet-throated Hummingbird Lamprolaima rhami
1973 Speckled Hummingbird Adelomyia melanogenys
1974 Blossomcrown Anthocephala floriceps
1975 Ecuadorian Piedtail Phlogophilus hemileucurus
1976 Peruvian Piedtail Phlogophilus harterti
1977 Brazilian Ruby Clytolaema rubricauda
1978 Empress Brilliant Heliodoxa imperatrix
1979 Velvet-browed Brilliant Heliodoxa xanthogonys
1980 Pink-throated Brilliant Heliodoxa gularis
1981 Rufous-webbed Brilliant Heliodoxa branickii
1982 Black-throated Brilliant Heliodoxa schreibersii
1983 Gould's Jewelfront Heliodoxa aurescens
1984 Fawn-breasted Brilliant Heliodoxa rubinoides
1985 Green-crowned Brilliant Heliodoxa jacula
1986 Violet-fronted Brilliant Heliodoxa leadbeateri
1987 Magnificent Hummingbird Eugenes fulgens
1988 Scissor-tailed Hummingbird Hylonympha macrocerca
1989 Violet-chested Hummingbird Sternoclyta cyanopectus
1990 Fiery Topaz Topaza pyra
1991 Crimson Topaz Topaza pella
1992 Ecuadorian Hillstar Oreotrochilus chimborazo
1993 Andean Hillstar Oreotrochilus estella
1994 White-sided Hillstar Oreotrochilus leucopleurus
1995 Black-breasted Hillstar Oreotrochilus melanogaster
1996 Wedge-tailed Hillstar Oreotrochilus adela
1997 White-tailed Hillstar Urochroa bougueri
1998 Giant Hummingbird Patagona gigas
1999 Shining Sunbeam Aglaeactis cupripennis
2000 White-tufted Sunbeam Aglaeactis castelnaudii
2001 Purple-backed Sunbeam Aglaeactis aliciae
2002 Black-hooded Sunbeam Aglaeactis pamela
2003 Mountain Velvetbreast Lafresnaya lafresnayi
2004 Great Sapphirewing Pterophanes cyanopterus
2005 Bronzy Inca Coeligena coeligena
2006 Brown Inca Coeligena wilsoni
2007 Black Inca Coeligena prunellei
2008 Collared Inca Coeligena torquata
2009 White-tailed Starfrontlet Coeligena phalerata
2010 Dusky Starfrontlet Coeligena orina
2011 Golden-bellied Starfrontlet Coeligena bonapartei
2012 Blue-throated Starfrontlet Coeligena helianthea
2013 Buff-winged Starfrontlet Coeligena lutetiae
2014 Violet-throated Starfrontlet Coeligena violifer
2015 Rainbow Starfrontlet Coeligena iris
2016 Sword-billed Hummingbird Ensifera ensifera
2017 Green-backed Firecrown Sephanoides sephaniodes
2018 Juan Fernandez Firecrown Sephanoides fernandensis
2019 Buff-tailed Coronet Boissonneaua flavescens
2020 Chestnut-breasted Coronet Boissonneaua matthewsii
2021 Velvet-purple Coronet Boissonneaua jardini
2022 Orange-throated Sunangel Heliangelus mavors
2023 Merida Sunangel Heliangelus spencei
2024 Amethyst-throated Sunangel Heliangelus amethysticollis
2025 Gorgeted Sunangel Heliangelus strophianus
2026 Tourmaline Sunangel Heliangelus exortis
2027 Purple-throated Sunangel Heliangelus viola
2028 Royal Sunangel Heliangelus regalis
2029 Black-breasted Puffleg Eriocnemis nigrivestis
2030 Glowing Puffleg Eriocnemis vestitus
2031 Turquoise-throated Puffleg Eriocnemis godini
2032 Sapphire-vented Puffleg Eriocnemis luciani
2033 Coppery-bellied Puffleg Eriocnemis cupreoventris
2034 Golden-breasted Puffleg Eriocnemis mosquera
2035 Blue-capped Puffleg Eriocnemis glaucopoides
2036 Colorful Puffleg Eriocnemis mirabilis
2037 Emerald-bellied Puffleg Eriocnemis alinae
2038 Black-thighed Puffleg Eriocnemis derbyi
2039 Greenish Puffleg Haplophaedia aureliae
2040 Hoary Puffleg Haplophaedia lugens
2041 Purple-bibbed Whitetip Urosticte benjamini
2042 Rufous-vented Whitetip Urosticte ruficrissa
2043 Booted Racket-tail Ocreatus underwoodii
2044 Black-tailed Trainbearer Lesbia victoriae
2045 Green-tailed Trainbearer Lesbia nuna
2046 Red-tailed Comet Sappho sparganura
2047 Bronze-tailed Comet Polyonymus caroli
2048 Purple-backed Thornbill Ramphomicron microrhynchum
2049 Black-backed Thornbill Ramphomicron dorsale
2050 Viridian Metaltail Metallura williami
2051 Violet-throated Metaltail Metallura baroni
2052 Neblina Metaltail Metallura odomae
2053 Coppery Metaltail Metallura theresiae
2054 Fire-throated Metaltail Metallura eupogon
2055 Scaled Metaltail Metallura aeneocauda
2056 Black Metaltail Metallura phoebe
2057 Tyrian Metaltail Metallura tyrianthina
2058 Perija Metaltail Metallura iracunda
2059 Rufous-capped Thornbill Chalcostigma ruficeps
2060 Olivaceous Thornbill Chalcostigma olivaceum
2061 Blue-mantled Thornbill Chalcostigma stanleyi
2062 Bronze-tailed Thornbill Chalcostigma heteropogon
2063 Rainbow-bearded Thornbill Chalcostigma herrani
2064 Bearded Helmetcrest Oxypogon guerinii
2065 Mountain Avocetbill Opisthoprora euryptera
2066 Grey-bellied Comet Taphrolesbia griseiventris
2067 Long-tailed Sylph Aglaiocercus kingi
2068 Violet-tailed Sylph Aglaiocercus coelestis
2069 Bearded Mountaineer Oreonympha nobilis
2070 Hooded Visorbearer Augastes lumachellus
2071 Hyacinth Visorbearer Augastes scutatus
2072 Wedge-billed Hummingbird Augastes geoffroyi
2073 Purple-crowned Fairy Heliothryx barroti
2074 Black-eared Fairy Heliothryx aurita
2075 Horned Sungem Heliactin cornuta
2076 Marvellous Spatuletail Loddigesia mirabilis
2077 Plain-capped Starthroat Heliomaster constantii
2078 Long-billed Starthroat Heliomaster longirostris
2079 Stripe-breasted Starthroat Heliomaster squamosus
2080 Blue-tufted Starthroat Heliomaster furcifer
2081 Oasis Hummingbird Rhodopis vesper
2082 Peruvian Sheartail Thaumastura cora
2083 Magenta-throated Woodstar Philodice bryantae
2084 Purple-throated Woodstar Philodice mitchellii
2085 Slender Sheartail Doricha enicura
2086 Mexican Sheartail Doricha eliza
2087 Sparkling-tailed Hummingbird Tilmatura dupontii
2088 Slender-tailed Woodstar Microstilbon burmeisteri
2089 Lucifer Hummingbird Calothorax lucifer
2090 Beautiful Hummingbird Calothorax pulcher
2091 Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris
2092 Black-chinned Hummingbird Archilochus alexandri
2093 Anna's Hummingbird Calypte anna
2094 Costa's Hummingbird Calypte costae
2095 Bahama Woodstar Calliphlox evelynae
2096 Amethyst Woodstar Calliphlox amethystina
2097 Bee Hummingbird Mellisuga helenae
2098 Vervain Hummingbird Mellisuga minima
2099 Calliope Hummingbird Stellula calliope
2100 Bumblebee Hummingbird Atthis heloisa
2101 Wine-throated Hummingbird Atthis ellioti
2102 Purple-collared Woodstar Myrtis fanny
2103 Chilean Woodstar Eulidia yarrellii
2104 Short-tailed Woodstar Myrmia micrura
2105 White-bellied Woodstar Acestrura mulsant
2106 Little Woodstar Acestrura bombus
2107 Gorgeted Woodstar Acestrura heliodor
2108 Santa Marta Woodstar Acestrura astreans
2109 Esmeraldas Woodstar Acestrura berlepschi
2110 Rufous-shafted Woodstar Chaetocercus jourdanii
2111 Broad-tailed Hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus
2112 Rufous Hummingbird Selasphorus rufus
2113 Allen's Hummingbird Selasphorus sasin
2114 Volcano Hummingbird Selasphorus flammula
2115 Scintillant Hummingbird Selasphorus scintilla
2116 Glow-throated Hummingbird Selasphorus ardens
Order Musophagiformes
Family Musophagidae
2117 Guinea Turaco Tauraco persa
2118 Black-billed Turaco Tauraco schuettii
2119 Schalow's Turaco Tauraco schalowi
2120 Fischer's Turaco Tauraco fischeri
2121 Livingstone's Turaco Tauraco livingstonii
2122 Knysna Turaco Tauraco corythaix
2123 Bannerman's Turaco Tauraco bannermani
2124 Red-crested Turaco Tauraco erythrolophus
2125 Yellow-billed Turaco Tauraco macrorhynchus
2126 White-cheeked Turaco Tauraco leucotis
2127 Ruspoli's Turaco Tauraco ruspolii
2128 Hartlaub's Turaco Tauraco hartlaubi
2129 White-crested Turaco Tauraco leucolophus
2130 Ruwenzori Turaco Musophaga johnstoni
2131 Purple-crested Turaco Musophaga porphyreolopha
2132 Violet Turaco Musophaga violacea
2133 Ross's Turaco Musophaga rossae
2134 Grey Go-away-bird Corythaixoides concolor
2135 Bare-faced Go-away-bird Corythaixoides personatus
2136 White-bellied Go-away-bird Corythaixoides leucogaster
2137 Western Grey Plantain-eater Crinifer piscator
2138 Eastern Grey Plantain-eater Crinifer zonurus
2139 Great Blue Turaco Corythaeola cristata
Order Strigiformes
Family Tytonidae
2140 Greater Sooty-Owl Tyto tenebricosa
2141 Lesser Sooty-Owl Tyto multipunctata
2142 Minahassa Masked-Owl Tyto inexspectata
2143 Taliabu Masked-Owl Tyto nigrobrunnea
2144 Lesser Masked-Owl Tyto sororcula
2145 Manus Masked-Owl Tyto manusi
2146 Bismarck Masked-Owl Tyto aurantia
2147 Australian Masked-Owl Tyto novaehollandiae
2148 Tasmanian Masked-Owl Tyto castanops
2149 Sulawesi Owl Tyto rosenbergii
2150 Madagascar Red Owl Tyto soumagnei
2151 Barn Owl Tyto alba
2152 Ashy-faced Owl Tyto glaucops
2153 African Grass-Owl Tyto capensis
2154 Eastern Grass-Owl Tyto longimembris
2155 Congo Bay-Owl Phodilus prigoginei
2156 Oriental Bay-Owl Phodilus badius
Family Strigidae
2157 White-fronted Scops-Owl Otus sagittatus
2158 Reddish Scops-Owl Otus rufescens
2159 Sandy Scops-Owl Otus icterorhynchus
2160 Sokoke Scops-Owl Otus ireneae
2161 Andaman Scops-Owl Otus balli
2162 Mountain Scops-Owl Otus spilocephalus
2163 Simeulue Scops-Owl Otus umbra
2164 Javan Scops-Owl Otus angelinae
2165 Sulawesi Scops-Owl Otus manadensis
2166 Luzon Scops-Owl Otus longicornis
2167 Mindoro Scops-Owl Otus mindorensis
2168 Mindanao Scops-Owl Otus mirus
2169 Sao Tome Scops-Owl Otus hartlaubi
2170 Pallid Scops-Owl Otus brucei
2171 Flammulated Owl Otus flammeolus
2172 Common Scops-Owl Otus scops
2173 Elegant Scops-Owl Otus elegans
2174 Mantanani Scops-Owl Otus mantananensis
2175 Moluccan Scops-Owl Otus magicus
2176 Malagasy Scops-Owl Otus rutilus
2177 Grand Comoro Scops-Owl Otus pauliani
2178 Rajah Scops-Owl Otus brookii
2179 Collared Scops-Owl Otus bakkamoena
2180 Mentawai Scops-Owl Otus mentawi
2181 Palawan Scops-Owl Otus fuliginosus
2182 Philippine Scops-Owl Otus megalotis
2183 Wallace's Scops-Owl Otus silvicola
2184 White-faced Scops-Owl Otus leucotis
2185 Western Screech-Owl Otus kennicottii
2186 Eastern Screech-Owl Otus asio
2187 Whiskered Screech-Owl Otus trichopsis
2188 Tropical Screech-Owl Otus choliba
2189 Koepcke's Screech-Owl Otus koepckeae
2190 West Peruvian Screech-Owl Otus roboratus
2191 Bare-shanked Screech-Owl Otus clarkii
2192 Santa Barbara Screech-Owl Otus barbarus
2193 Rufescent Screech-Owl Otus ingens
2194 Cloud-forest Screech-Owl Otus marshalli
2195 Tawny-bellied Screech-Owl Otus watsonii
2196 Variable Screech-Owl Otus atricapillus
2197 Vermiculated Screech-Owl Otus vermiculatus
2198 Long-tufted Screech-Owl Otus sanctaecatarinae
2199 Bare-legged Owl Otus lawrencii
2200 Puerto Rican Screech-Owl Otus nudipes
2201 Palau Owl Otus podarginus
2202 White-throated Screech-Owl Otus albogularis
2203 Lesser Eagle-Owl Mimizuku gurneyi
2204 Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus
2205 Eurasian Eagle-Owl Bubo bubo
2206 Rock Eagle-Owl Bubo bengalensis
2207 Pharaoh Eagle-Owl Bubo ascalaphus
2208 Cape Eagle-Owl Bubo capensis
2209 Spotted Eagle-Owl Bubo africanus
2210 Fraser's Eagle-Owl Bubo poensis
2211 Nduk Eagle-Owl Bubo vosseleri
2212 Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl Bubo nipalensis
2213 Barred Eagle-Owl Bubo sumatranus
2214 Shelley's Eagle-Owl Bubo shelleyi
2215 Verreaux's Eagle-Owl Bubo lacteus
2216 Dusky Eagle-Owl Bubo coromandus
2217 Akun Eagle-Owl Bubo leucostictus
2218 Philippine Eagle-Owl Bubo philippensis
2219 Blakiston's Fish-Owl Ketupa blakistoni
2220 Brown Fish-Owl Ketupa zeylonensis
2221 Tawny Fish-Owl Ketupa flavipes
2222 Buffy Fish-Owl Ketupa ketupu
2223 Pel's Fishing-Owl Scotopelia peli
2224 Rufous Fishing-Owl Scotopelia ussheri
2225 Vermiculated Fishing-Owl Scotopelia bouvieri
2226 Snowy Owl Nyctea scandiaca
2227 Spotted Wood-Owl Strix seloputo
2228 Mottled Wood-Owl Strix ocellata
2229 Brown Wood-Owl Strix leptogrammica
2230 Tawny Owl Strix aluco
2231 Hume's Owl Strix butleri
2232 Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis
2233 Barred Owl Strix varia
2234 Fulvous Owl Strix fulvescens
2235 Rusty-barred Owl Strix hylophila
2236 Rufous-legged Owl Strix rufipes
2237 Ural Owl Strix uralensis
2238 Sichuan Wood-Owl Strix davidi
2239 Great Grey Owl Strix nebulosa
2240 Mottled Owl Strix virgata
2241 Black-and-white Owl Strix nigrolineata
2242 Black-banded Owl Strix huhula
2243 Rufous-banded Owl Strix albitarsus
2244 African Wood-Owl Strix woodfordii
2245 Maned Owl Jubula lettii
2246 Crested Owl Lophostrix cristata
2247 Spectacled Owl Pulsatrix perspicillata
2248 Band-bellied Owl Pulsatrix melanota
2249 Tawny-browed Owl Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana
2250 Northern Hawk Owl Surnia ulula
2251 Eurasian Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium passerinum
2252 Collared Owlet Glaucidium brodiei
2253 Pearl-spotted Owlet Glaucidium perlatum
2254 Northern Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium californicum
2255 Mountain Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium gnoma
2256 Andean Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium jardinii
2257 Yungas Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium bolivianum
2258 Hardy's Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium hardyi
2259 Least Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium minutissimum
2260 Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium brasilianum
2261 Peruvian Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium peruanum
2262 Austral Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium nanum
2263 Cuban Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium siju
2264 Red-chested Owlet Glaucidium tephronotum
2265 Sjostedt's Owlet Glaucidium sjostedti
2266 Asian Barred Owlet Glaucidium cuculoides
2267 Javan Owlet Glaucidium castanopterum
2268 Jungle Owlet Glaucidium radiatum
2269 Chestnut-backed Owlet Glaucidium castanonotum
2270 African Barred Owlet Glaucidium capense
2271 Chestnut Owlet Glaucidium castaneum
2272 Ngami Owlet Glaucidium ngamiense
2273 Scheffler's Owlet Glaucidium scheffleri
2274 Albertine Owlet Glaucidium albertinum
2275 Long-whiskered Owlet Xenoglaux loweryi
2276 Elf Owl Micrathene whitneyi
2277 Little Owl Athene noctua
2278 Spotted Owlet Athene brama
2279 Forest Owlet Athene blewitti
2280 Burrowing Owl Speotyto cunicularia
2281 Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus
2282 Saw-whet Owl Aegolius acadicus
2283 Buff-fronted Owl Aegolius harrisii
2284 Rufous Owl Ninox rufa
2285 Powerful Owl Ninox strenua
2286 Barking Owl Ninox connivens
2287 Sumba Boobook Ninox rudolfi
2288 Southern Boobook Ninox boobook
2289 Morepork Ninox novaeseelandiae
2290 Brown Hawk-Owl Ninox scutulata
2291 Andaman Hawk-Owl Ninox affinis
2292 White-browed Hawk-Owl Ninox superciliaris
2293 Philippine Hawk-Owl Ninox philippensis
2294 Ochre-bellied Hawk-Owl Ninox ochracea
2295 Moluccan Hawk-Owl Ninox squamipila
2296 Jungle Hawk-Owl Ninox theomacha
2297 Manus Hawk-Owl Ninox meeki
2298 Speckled Hawk-Owl Ninox punctulata
2299 Bismarck Hawk-Owl Ninox variegata
2300 Russet Hawk-Owl Ninox odiosa
2301 Solomon Islands Hawk-Owl Ninox jacquinoti
2302 Papuan Hawk-Owl Uroglaux dimorpha
2303 Laughing Owl Sceloglaux albifacies
2304 Jamaican Owl Pseudoscops grammicus
2305 Stygian Owl Asio stygius
2306 Long-eared Owl Asio otus
2307 Abyssinian Owl Asio abyssinicus
2308 Madagascar Owl Asio madagascariensis
2309 Striped Owl Asio clamator
2310 Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus
2311 Marsh Owl Asio capensis
2312 Fearful Owl Nesasio solomonensis
Family Aegothelidae
2313 Long-whiskered Owlet-Nightjar Aegotheles crinifrons
2314 Feline Owlet-Nightjar Aegotheles insignis
2315 Australian Owlet-Nightjar Aegotheles cristatus
2316 New Caledonian Owlet-Nightjar Aegotheles savesi
2317 Barred Owlet-Nightjar Aegotheles bennettii
2318 Wallace's Owlet-Nightjar Aegotheles wallacii
2319 Archbold's Owlet-Nightjar Aegotheles archboldi
2320 Mountain Owlet-Nightjar Aegotheles albertisi
Family Podargidae
2321 Tawny Frogmouth Podargus strigoides
2322 Papuan Frogmouth Podargus papuensis
2323 Marbled Frogmouth Podargus ocellatus
Family Batrachostomidae
2324 Large Frogmouth Batrachostomus auritus
2325 Dulit Frogmouth Batrachostomus harterti
2326 Philippine Frogmouth Batrachostomus septimus
2327 Gould's Frogmouth Batrachostomus stellatus
2328 Ceylon Frogmouth Batrachostomus moniliger
2329 Hodgson's Frogmouth Batrachostomus hodgsoni
2330 Short-tailed Frogmouth Batrachostomus poliolophus
2331 Bornean Frogmouth Batrachostomus mixtus
2332 Blyth's Frogmouth Batrachostomus affinis
2333 Javan Frogmouth Batrachostomus javensis
2334 Sunda Frogmouth Batrachostomus cornutus
Family Steatornithidae
2335 Oilbird Steatornis caripensis
Family Nyctibiidae
2336 Great Potoo Nyctibius grandis
2337 Long-tailed Potoo Nyctibius aethereus
2338 Common Potoo Nyctibius jamaicensis
2339 Grey Potoo Nyctibius griseus
2340 Andean Potoo Nyctibius maculosus
2341 White-winged Potoo Nyctibius leucopterus
2342 Rufous Potoo Nyctibius bracteatus
Family Eurostopodidae
2343 Spotted Eared-Nightjar Eurostopodus argus
2344 White-throated Eared-Nightjar Eurostopodus mystacalis
2345 Satanic Eared-Nightjar Eurostopodus diabolicus
2346 Papuan Eared-Nightjar Eurostopodus papuensis
2347 Mountain Eared-Nightjar Eurostopodus archboldi
2348 Malaysian Eared-Nightjar Eurostopodus temminckii
2349 Great Eared-Nightjar Eurostopodus macrotis
Family Caprimulgidae
2350 Short-tailed Nighthawk Lurocalis semitorquatus
2351 Rufous-bellied Nighthawk Lurocalis rufiventris
2352 Least Nighthawk Chordeiles pusillus
2353 Sand-colored Nighthawk Chordeiles rupestris
2354 Lesser Nighthawk Chordeiles acutipennis
2355 Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor
2356 Antillean Nighthawk Chordeiles gundlachii
2357 Band-tailed Nighthawk Nyctiprogne leucopyga
2358 Nacunda Nighthawk Podager nacunda
2359 Pauraque Nyctidromus albicollis
2360 Common Poorwill Phalaenoptilus nuttallii
2361 Jamaican Poorwill Siphonorhis americanus
2362 Least Poorwill Siphonorhis brewsteri
2363 Eared Poorwill Nyctiphrynus mcleodii
2364 Yucatan Poorwill Nyctiphrynus yucatanicus
2365 Ocellated Poorwill Nyctiphrynus ocellatus
2366 Chuck-will's-widow Caprimulgus carolinensis
2367 Rufous Nightjar Caprimulgus rufus
2368 Greater Antillean Nightjar Caprimulgus cubanensis
2369 Tawny-collared Nightjar Caprimulgus salvini
2370 Yucatan Nightjar Caprimulgus badius
2371 Silky-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus sericocaudatus
2372 Buff-collared Nightjar Caprimulgus ridgwayi
2373 Whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus
2374 Puerto Rican Nightjar Caprimulgus noctitherus
2375 Dusky Nightjar Caprimulgus saturatus
2376 Band-winged Nightjar Caprimulgus longirostris
2377 White-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus cayennensis
2378 White-winged Nightjar Caprimulgus candicans
2379 Spot-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus maculicaudus
2380 Little Nightjar Caprimulgus parvulus
2381 Scrub Nightjar Caprimulgus anthonyi
2382 Cayenne Nightjar Caprimulgus maculosus
2383 Blackish Nightjar Caprimulgus nigrescens
2384 Roraiman Nightjar Caprimulgus whitelyi
2385 Pygmy Nightjar Caprimulgus hirundinaceus
2386 Brown Nightjar Caprimulgus binotatus
2387 Red-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus ruficollis
2388 Grey Nightjar Caprimulgus indicus
2389 Eurasian Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus
2390 Sombre Nightjar Caprimulgus fraenatus
2391 Rufous-cheeked Nightjar Caprimulgus rufigena
2392 Egyptian Nightjar Caprimulgus aegyptius
2393 Sykes's Nightjar Caprimulgus mahrattensis
2394 Vaurie's Nightjar Caprimulgus centralasicus
2395 Nubian Nightjar Caprimulgus nubicus
2396 Golden Nightjar Caprimulgus eximius
2397 Madagascar Nightjar Caprimulgus madagascariensis
2398 Large-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus macrurus
2399 Jerdon's Nightjar Caprimulgus atripennis
2400 Philippine Nightjar Caprimulgus manillensis
2401 Sulawesi Nightjar Caprimulgus celebensis
2402 Donaldson-Smith's Nightjar Caprimulgus donaldsoni
2403 Black-shouldered Nightjar Caprimulgus nigriscapularis
2404 Fiery-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus pectoralis
2405 Itombwe Nightjar Caprimulgus prigoginei
2406 Montane Nightjar Caprimulgus poliocephalus
2407 Ruwenzori Nightjar Caprimulgus ruwenzorii
2408 Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus
2409 Swamp Nightjar Caprimulgus natalensis
2410 Plain Nightjar Caprimulgus inornatus
2411 Star-spotted Nightjar Caprimulgus stellatus
2412 Savanna Nightjar Caprimulgus affinis
2413 Freckled Nightjar Caprimulgus tristigma
2414 Bonaparte's Nightjar Caprimulgus concretus
2415 Salvadori's Nightjar Caprimulgus pulchellus
2416 Collared Nightjar Caprimulgus enarratus
2417 Bates's Nightjar Caprimulgus batesi
2418 Long-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus climacurus
2419 Slender-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus clarus
2420 Square-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus fossii
2421 Standard-winged Nightjar Macrodipteryx longipennis
2422 Pennant-winged Nightjar Macrodipteryx vexillarius
2423 Ladder-tailed Nightjar Hydropsalis climacocerca
2424 Scissor-tailed Nightjar Hydropsalis brasiliana
2425 Swallow-tailed Nightjar Uropsalis segmentata
2426 Lyre-tailed Nightjar Uropsalis lyra
2427 Long-trained Nightjar Macropsalis creagra
2428 Sickle-winged Nightjar Eleothreptus anomalus
Order Columbiformes
Family Raphidae
2429 Dodo Raphus cucullatus
2430 Reunion Solitaire Raphus solitarius
2431 Rodriguez Solitaire Pezophaps solitaria
Family Columbidae
2432 Rock Pigeon Columba livia
2433 Hill Pigeon Columba rupestris
2434 Snow Pigeon Columba leuconota
2435 Speckled Pigeon Columba guinea
2436 White-collared Pigeon Columba albitorques
2437 Stock Pigeon Columba oenas
2438 Somali Pigeon Columba oliviae
2439 Pale-backed Pigeon Columba eversmanni
2440 Common Wood-Pigeon Columba palumbus
2441 Trocaz Pigeon Columba trocaz
2442 Bolle's Pigeon Columba bollii
2443 Laurel Pigeon Columba junoniae
2444 Afep Pigeon Columba unicincta
2445 Cameroon Olive-Pigeon Columba sjostedti
2446 Sao Tome Olive-Pigeon Columba thomensis
2447 African Olive-Pigeon Columba arquatrix
2448 Comoro Olive-Pigeon Columba pollenii
2449 Speckled Wood-Pigeon Columba hodgsonii
2450 White-naped Pigeon Columba albinucha
2451 Ashy Wood-Pigeon Columba pulchricollis
2452 Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstonii
2453 Ceylon Wood-Pigeon Columba torringtoni
2454 Pale-capped Pigeon Columba punicea
2455 Silvery Wood-Pigeon Columba argentina
2456 Andaman Wood-Pigeon Columba palumboides
2457 Japanese Wood-Pigeon Columba janthina
2458 Metallic Pigeon Columba vitiensis
2459 White-headed Pigeon Columba leucomela
2460 Bonin Wood-Pigeon Columba versicolor
2461 Ryukyu Pigeon Columba jouyi
2462 Yellow-legged Pigeon Columba pallidiceps
2463 White-crowned Pigeon Columba leucocephala
2464 Scaled Pigeon Columba speciosa
2465 Scaly-naped Pigeon Columba squamosa
2466 Bare-eyed Pigeon Columba corensis
2467 Picazuro Pigeon Columba picazuro
2468 Spot-winged Pigeon Columba maculosa
2469 Band-tailed Pigeon Columba fasciata
2470 Chilean Pigeon Columba araucana
2471 Ring-tailed Pigeon Columba caribaea
2472 Pale-vented Pigeon Columba cayennensis
2473 Red-billed Pigeon Columba flavirostris
2474 Peruvian Pigeon Columba oenops
2475 Plain Pigeon Columba inornata
2476 Plumbeous Pigeon Columba plumbea
2477 Ruddy Pigeon Columba subvinacea
2478 Short-billed Pigeon Columba nigrirostris
2479 Dusky Pigeon Columba goodsoni
2480 Western Bronze-naped Pigeon Columba iriditorques
2481 Sao Tome Bronze-naped Pigeon Columba malherbii
2482 Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon Columba delegorguei
2483 Madagascar Turtle-Dove Columba picturata
2484 Lemon Dove Columba larvata
2485 Pink Pigeon Columba mayeri
2486 European Turtle-Dove Streptopelia turtur
2487 Adamawa Turtle-Dove Streptopelia hypopyrrha
2488 Dusky Turtle-Dove Streptopelia lugens
2489 Oriental Turtle-Dove Streptopelia orientalis
2490 Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis
2491 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis
2492 Mourning Collared-Dove Streptopelia decipiens
2493 Vinaceous Dove Streptopelia vinacea
2494 Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola
2495 Red Collared-Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica
2496 Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata
2497 Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto
2498 African Collared-Dove Streptopelia roseogrisea
2499 White-winged Collared-Dove Streptopelia reichenowi
2500 Island Collared-Dove Streptopelia bitorquata
2501 Barred Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia unchall
2502 Andaman Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia rufipennis
2503 Philippine Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia tenuirostris
2504 Ruddy Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia emiliana
2505 Slender-billed Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia amboinensis
2506 Dusky Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia magna
2507 Brown Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia phasianella
2508 Little Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia ruficeps
2509 Black-billed Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia nigrirostris
2510 Mackinlay's Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia mackinlayi
2511 Great Cuckoo-Dove Reinwardtoena reinwardtsi
2512 Pied Cuckoo-Dove Reinwardtoena browni
2513 Crested Cuckoo-Dove Reinwardtoena crassirostris
2514 White-faced Cuckoo-Dove Turacoena manadensis
2515 Black Cuckoo-Dove Turacoena modesta
2516 Black-billed Wood-Dove Turtur abyssinicus
2517 Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove Turtur chalcospilos
2518 Blue-spotted Wood-Dove Turtur afer
2519 Tambourine Dove Turtur tympanistria
2520 Blue-headed Wood-Dove Turtur brehmeri
2521 Namaqua Dove Oena capensis
2522 Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica
2523 Stephan's Dove Chalcophaps stephani
2524 New Guinea Bronzewing Henicophaps albifrons
2525 New Britain Bronzewing Henicophaps foersteri
2526 Common Bronzewing Phaps chalcoptera
2527 Brush Bronzewing Phaps elegans
2528 Flock Bronzewing Phaps histrionica
2529 Crested Pigeon Geophaps lophotes
2530 Spinifex Pigeon Geophaps plumifera
2531 Partridge Pigeon Geophaps smithii
2532 Squatter Pigeon Geophaps scripta
2533 White-quilled Rock-Pigeon Petrophassa albipennis
2534 Chestnut-quilled Rock-Pigeon Petrophassa rufipennis
2535 Diamond Dove Geopelia cuneata
2536 Zebra Dove Geopelia striata
2537 Barred Dove Geopelia maugeus
2538 Peaceful Dove Geopelia placida
2539 Bar-shouldered Dove Geopelia humeralis
2540 Wonga Pigeon Leucosarcia melanoleuca
2541 Passenger Pigeon Ectopistes migratorius
2542 Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura
2543 Socorro Dove Zenaida graysoni
2544 Eared Dove Zenaida auriculata
2545 Zenaida Dove Zenaida aurita
2546 White-winged Dove Zenaida asiatica
2547 Galapagos Dove Zenaida galapagoensis
2548 Inca Dove Columbina inca
2549 Scaled Dove Columbina squammata
2550 Common Ground-Dove Columbina passerina
2551 Plain-breasted Ground-Dove Columbina minuta
2552 Ruddy Ground-Dove Columbina talpacoti
2553 Ecuadorian Ground-Dove Columbina buckleyi
2554 Picui Ground-Dove Columbina picui
2555 Croaking Ground-Dove Columbina cruziana
2556 Blue-eyed Ground-Dove Columbina cyanopis
2557 Blue Ground-Dove Claravis pretiosa
2558 Maroon-chested Ground-Dove Claravis mondetoura
2559 Purple-winged Ground-Dove Claravis godefrida
2560 Bare-faced Ground-Dove Metriopelia ceciliae
2561 Bare-eyed Ground-Dove Metriopelia morenoi
2562 Black-winged Ground-Dove Metriopelia melanoptera
2563 Golden-spotted Ground-Dove Metriopelia aymara
2564 Long-tailed Ground-Dove Uropelia campestris
2565 White-tipped Dove Leptotila verreauxi
2566 White-faced Dove Leptotila megalura
2567 Grey-headed Dove Leptotila plumbeiceps
2568 Brown-backed Dove Leptotila battyi
2569 Grenada Dove Leptotila wellsi
2570 Grey-fronted Dove Leptotila rufaxilla
2571 Caribbean Dove Leptotila jamaicensis
2572 Pallid Dove Leptotila pallida
2573 Grey-chested Dove Leptotila cassini
2574 Ochre-bellied Dove Leptotila ochraceiventris
2575 Tolima Dove Leptotila conoveri
2576 Purplish-backed Quail-Dove Geotrygon lawrencii
2577 Buff-fronted Quail-Dove Geotrygon costaricensis
2578 Sapphire Quail-Dove Geotrygon saphirina
2579 Grey-headed Quail-Dove Geotrygon caniceps
2580 Crested Quail-Dove Geotrygon versicolor
2581 Olive-backed Quail-Dove Geotrygon veraguensis
2582 White-faced Quail-Dove Geotrygon albifacies
2583 Rufous-breasted Quail-Dove Geotrygon chiriquensis
2584 Russet-crowned Quail-Dove Geotrygon goldmani
2585 Lined Quail-Dove Geotrygon linearis
2586 White-throated Quail-Dove Geotrygon frenata
2587 Key West Quail-Dove Geotrygon chrysia
2588 Bridled Quail-Dove Geotrygon mystacea
2589 Violaceous Quail-Dove Geotrygon violacea
2590 Ruddy Quail-Dove Geotrygon montana
2591 Blue-headed Quail-Dove Starnoenas cyanocephala
2592 Nicobar Pigeon Caloenas nicobarica
2593 Luzon Bleeding-heart Gallicolumba luzonica
2594 Mindoro Bleeding-heart Gallicolumba platenae
2595 Negros Bleeding-heart Gallicolumba keayi
2596 Mindanao Bleeding-heart Gallicolumba criniger
2597 Sulu Bleeding-heart Gallicolumba menagei
2598 Cinnamon Ground-Dove Gallicolumba rufigula
2599 Sulawesi Ground-Dove Gallicolumba tristigmata
2600 White-bibbed Ground-Dove Gallicolumba jobiensis
2601 Caroline Islands Ground-Dove Gallicolumba kubaryi
2602 Polynesian Ground-Dove Gallicolumba erythroptera
2603 White-throated Ground-Dove Gallicolumba xanthonura
2604 Friendly Ground-Dove Gallicolumba stairi
2605 Santa Cruz Ground-Dove Gallicolumba sanctaecrucis
2606 Tanna Ground-Dove Gallicolumba ferruginea
2607 Thick-billed Ground-Dove Gallicolumba salamonis
2608 Marquesan Ground-Dove Gallicolumba rubescens
2609 Bronze Ground-Dove Gallicolumba beccarii
2610 Palau Ground-Dove Gallicolumba canifrons
2611 Wetar Ground-Dove Gallicolumba hoedtii
2612 Thick-billed Ground-Pigeon Trugon terrestris
2613 Choiseul Pigeon Microgoura meeki
2614 Pheasant Pigeon Otidiphaps nobilis
2615 White-eared Brown-Dove Phapitreron leucotis
2616 Amethyst Brown-Dove Phapitreron amethystina
2617 Dark-eared Brown-Dove Phapitreron cinereiceps
2618 Cinnamon-headed Green-Pigeon Treron fulvicollis
2619 Little Green-Pigeon Treron olax
2620 Pink-necked Green-Pigeon Treron vernans
2621 Orange-breasted Green-Pigeon Treron bicincta
2622 Pompadour Green-Pigeon Treron pompadora
2623 Thick-billed Green-Pigeon Treron curvirostra
2624 Grey-cheeked Green-Pigeon Treron griseicauda
2625 Flores Green-Pigeon Treron floris
2626 Sumba Green-Pigeon Treron teysmannii
2627 Timor Green-Pigeon Treron psittacea
2628 Large Green-Pigeon Treron capellei
2629 Yellow-footed Green-Pigeon Treron phoenicoptera
2630 Bruce's Green-Pigeon Treron waalia
2631 African Green-Pigeon Treron calva
2632 Sao Tome Green-Pigeon Treron sanctithomae
2633 Pemba Green-Pigeon Treron pembaensis
2634 Madagascar Green-Pigeon Treron australis
2635 Pin-tailed Green-Pigeon Treron apicauda
2636 Sumatran Green-Pigeon Treron oxyura
2637 Yellow-vented Green-Pigeon Treron seimundi
2638 Wedge-tailed Green-Pigeon Treron sphenura
2639 White-bellied Green-Pigeon Treron sieboldii
2640 Whistling Green-Pigeon Treron formosae
2641 Pink-headed Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus porphyreus
2642 Black-backed Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus cinctus
2643 Red-naped Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus dohertyi
2644 Black-banded Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus alligator
2645 Flame-breasted Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus marchei
2646 Cream-bellied Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus merrilli
2647 Yellow-breasted Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus occipitalis
2648 Red-eared Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus fischeri
2649 Jambu Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus jambu
2650 Black-chinned Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus leclancheri
2651 Maroon-chinned Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus subgularis
2652 Scarlet-breasted Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus bernsteinii
2653 Wompoo Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus magnificus
2654 Pink-spotted Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus perlatus
2655 Ornate Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus ornatus
2656 Tanna Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus tannensis
2657 Orange-fronted Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus aurantiifrons
2658 Wallace's Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus wallacii
2659 Superb Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus superbus
2660 Many-colored Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus perousii
2661 Blue-capped Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus monacha
2662 Coroneted Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus coronulatus
2663 Beautiful Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus pulchellus
2664 Rose-crowned Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus regina
2665 Mariana Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus roseicapilla
2666 Red-bellied Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus greyii
2667 Silver-capped Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus richardsii
2668 Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus porphyraceus
2669 Palau Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus pelewensis
2670 Cook Islands Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus rarotongensis
2671 Rapa Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus huttoni
2672 Grey-green Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus purpuratus
2673 Atoll Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus coralensis
2674 Makatea Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus chalcurus
2675 Henderson Island Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus insularis
2676 Red-moustached Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus mercierii
2677 White-capped Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus dupetithouarsii
2678 White-bibbed Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus rivoli
2679 Yellow-bibbed Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus solomonensis
2680 Claret-breasted Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus viridis
2681 White-headed Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus eugeniae
2682 Grey-headed Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus hyogastra
2683 Carunculated Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus granulifrons
2684 Orange-bellied Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus iozonus
2685 Knob-billed Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus insolitus
2686 Dwarf Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus naina
2687 Black-naped Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus melanospila
2688 Negros Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus arcanus
2689 Orange Dove Ptilinopus victor
2690 Golden Dove Ptilinopus luteovirens
2691 Whistling Dove Ptilinopus layardi
2692 Cloven-feathered Dove Drepanoptila holosericea
2693 Madagascar Blue-Pigeon Alectroenas madagascariensis
2694 Comoro Blue-Pigeon Alectroenas sganzini
2695 Mauritius Blue-Pigeon Alectroenas nitidissima
2696 Seychelles Blue-Pigeon Alectroenas pulcherrima
2697 Pink-bellied Imperial-Pigeon Ducula poliocephala
2698 White-bellied Imperial-Pigeon Ducula forsteni
2699 Mindoro Imperial-Pigeon Ducula mindorensis
2700 Grey-headed Imperial-Pigeon Ducula radiata
2701 Spotted Imperial-Pigeon Ducula carola
2702 Green Imperial-Pigeon Ducula aenea
2703 White-eyed Imperial-Pigeon Ducula perspicillata
2704 Elegant Imperial-Pigeon Ducula concinna
2705 Pacific Imperial-Pigeon Ducula pacifica
2706 Micronesian Imperial-Pigeon Ducula oceanica
2707 Polynesian Imperial-Pigeon Ducula aurorae
2708 Marquesan Imperial-Pigeon Ducula galeata
2709 Red-knobbed Imperial-Pigeon Ducula rubricera
2710 Spice Imperial-Pigeon Ducula myristicivora
2711 Island Imperial-Pigeon Ducula pistrinaria
2712 Christmas Island Imperial-Pigeon Ducula whartoni
2713 Pink-headed Imperial-Pigeon Ducula rosacea
2714 Grey Imperial-Pigeon Ducula pickeringii
2715 Cinnamon-bellied Imperial-Pigeon Ducula basilica
2716 Purple-tailed Imperial-Pigeon Ducula rufigaster
2717 Finsch's Imperial-Pigeon Ducula finschii
2718 Shining Imperial-Pigeon Ducula chalconota
2719 Peale's Imperial-Pigeon Ducula latrans
2720 Chestnut-bellied Imperial-Pigeon Ducula brenchleyi
2721 Baker's Imperial-Pigeon Ducula bakeri
2722 New Caledonian Imperial-Pigeon Ducula goliath
2723 Pinon Imperial-Pigeon Ducula pinon
2724 Bismarck Imperial-Pigeon Ducula melanochroa
2725 Collared Imperial-Pigeon Ducula mullerii
2726 Banded Imperial-Pigeon Ducula zoeae
2727 Mountain Imperial-Pigeon Ducula badia
2728 Dark-backed Imperial-Pigeon Ducula lacernulata
2729 Timor Imperial-Pigeon Ducula cineracea
2730 Pied Imperial-Pigeon Ducula bicolor
2731 White Imperial-Pigeon Ducula luctuosa
2732 Torresian Imperial-Pigeon Ducula spilorrhoa
2733 Kimberley Imperial-Pigeon Ducula constans
2734 Yellow-tinted Imperial-Pigeon Ducula subflavescens
2735 Topknot Pigeon Lopholaimus antarcticus
2736 New Zealand Pigeon Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
2737 Sombre Pigeon Cryptophaps poecilorrhoa
2738 Papuan Mountain-Pigeon Gymnophaps albertisii
2739 Long-tailed Mountain-Pigeon Gymnophaps mada
2740 Pale Mountain-Pigeon Gymnophaps solomonensis
2741 Western Crowned-Pigeon Goura cristata
2742 Victoria Crowned-Pigeon Goura victoria
2743 Southern Crowned-Pigeon Goura scheepmakeri
2744 Tooth-billed Pigeon Didunculus strigirostris
Order Gruiiformes
Family Eurypigidae
2745 Sunbittern Eurypyga helias
Family Otididae
2746 Little Bustard Tetrax tetrax
2747 Great Bustard Otis tarda
2748 Stanley Bustard Neotis denhami
2749 Ludwig's Bustard Neotis ludwigii
2750 Nubian Bustard Neotis nuba
2751 Heuglin's Bustard Neotis heuglinii
2752 Arabian Bustard Ardeotis arabs
2753 Kori Bustard Ardeotis kori
2754 Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps
2755 Australian Bustard Ardeotis australis
2756 Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulata
2757 Savile's Bustard Eupodotis savilei
2758 Buff-crested Bustard Eupodotis gindiana
2759 Red-crested Bustard Eupodotis ruficrista
2760 White-quilled Bustard Eupodotis afraoides
2761 Black Bustard Eupodotis afra
2762 Rueppell's Bustard Eupodotis rueppellii
2763 Karoo Bustard Eupodotis vigorsii
2764 Little Brown Bustard Eupodotis humilis
2765 White-bellied Bustard Eupodotis senegalensis
2766 Blue Bustard Eupodotis caerulescens
2767 Black-bellied Bustard Eupodotis melanogaster
2768 Hartlaub's Bustard Eupodotis hartlaubii
2769 Bengal Florican Eupodotis bengalensis
2770 Lesser Florican Eupodotis indica
Family Gruidae
2771 Black Crowned-Crane Balearica pavonina
2772 Grey Crowned-Crane Balearica regulorum
2773 Siberian Crane Grus leucogeranus
2774 Sarus Crane Grus antigone
2775 Brolga Grus rubicunda
2776 White-naped Crane Grus vipio
2777 Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis
2778 Demoiselle Crane Grus virgo
2779 Blue Crane Grus paradisea
2780 Wattled Crane Grus carunculatus
2781 Common Crane Grus grus
2782 Hooded Crane Grus monacha
2783 Whooping Crane Grus americana
2784 Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis
2785 Red-crowned Crane Grus japonensis
Family Heliornithidae
2786 Limpkin Aramus guarauna
2787 African Finfoot Podica senegalensis
2788 Masked Finfoot Heliopais personata
2789 Sungrebe Heliornis fulica
Family Psophiidae
2790 Grey-winged Trumpeter Psophia crepitans
2791 Pale-winged Trumpeter Psophia leucoptera
2792 Dark-winged Trumpeter Psophia viridis
Family Cariamidae
2793 Red-legged Seriema Cariama cristata
2794 Black-legged Seriema Chunga burmeisteri
Family Rhynochetidae
2795 Kagu Rhynochetos jubatus
Family Rallidae
2796 White-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura pulchra
2797 Buff-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura elegans
2798 Red-chested Flufftail Sarothrura rufa
2799 Chestnut-headed Flufftail Sarothrura lugens
2800 Streaky-breasted Flufftail Sarothrura boehmi
2801 Striped Flufftail Sarothrura affinis
2802 Madagascar Flufftail Sarothrura insularis
2803 White-winged Flufftail Sarothrura ayresi
2804 Slender-billed Flufftail Sarothrura watersi
2805 Nkulengu Rail Himantornis haematopus
2806 Grey-throated Rail Canirallus oculeus
2807 Kioloides Rail Canirallus kioloides
2808 Swinhoe's Rail Coturnicops exquisitus
2809 Yellow Rail Coturnicops noveboracensis
2810 Speckled Rail Coturnicops notatus
2811 Ocellated Crake Micropygia schomburgkii
2812 Chestnut Forest-Rail Rallina rubra
2813 White-striped Forest-Rail Rallina leucospila
2814 Forbes's Forest-Rail Rallina forbesi
2815 Mayr's Forest-Rail Rallina mayri
2816 Red-necked Crake Rallina tricolor
2817 Andaman Crake Rallina canningi
2818 Red-legged Crake Rallina fasciata
2819 Slaty-legged Crake Rallina eurizonoides
2820 Chestnut-headed Crake Anurolimnas castaneiceps
2821 Russet-crowned Crake Anurolimnas viridis
2822 Black-banded Crake Anurolimnas fasciatus
2823 Rufous-sided Crake Laterallus melanophaius
2824 Rusty-flanked Crake Laterallus levraudi
2825 Ruddy Crake Laterallus ruber
2826 White-throated Crake Laterallus albigularis
2827 Grey-breasted Crake Laterallus exilis
2828 Black Rail Laterallus jamaicensis
2829 Galapagos Rail Laterallus spilonotus
2830 Red-and-white Crake Laterallus leucopyrrhus
2831 Rufous-faced Crake Laterallus xenopterus
2832 Woodford's Rail Nesoclopeus woodfordi
2833 Bar-winged Rail Nesoclopeus poecilopterus
2834 Weka Gallirallus australis
2835 New Caledonian Rail Gallirallus lafresnayanus
2836 Lord Howe Rail Gallirallus sylvestris
2837 Gilbert Rail Gallirallus conditicius
2838 Okinawa Rail Gallirallus okinawae
2839 Barred Rail Gallirallus torquatus
2840 New Britain Rail Gallirallus insignis
2841 Buff-banded Rail Gallirallus philippensis
2842 Roviana Rail Gallirallus rovianae
2843 Guam Rail Gallirallus owstoni
2844 Wake Island Rail Gallirallus wakensis
2845 Tahiti Rail Gallirallus pacificus
2846 Dieffenbach's Rail Gallirallus dieffenbachii
2847 Chatham Islands Rail Gallirallus modestus
2848 Sharpe's Rail Gallirallus sharpei
2849 Slaty-breasted Rail Gallirallus striatus
2850 Clapper Rail Rallus longirostris
2851 King Rail Rallus elegans
2852 Plain-flanked Rail Rallus wetmorei
2853 Virginia Rail Rallus limicola
2854 Bogota Rail Rallus semiplumbeus
2855 Austral Rail Rallus antarcticus
2856 Water Rail Rallus aquaticus
2857 Kaffir Rail Rallus caerulescens
2858 Madagascar Rail Rallus madagascariensis
2859 Brown-banded Rail Lewinia mirificus
2860 Lewin's Rail Lewinia pectoralis
2861 Auckland Islands Rail Lewinia muelleri
2862 White-throated Rail Dryolimnas cuvieri
2863 African Crake Crecopsis egregia
2864 Corn Crake Crex crex
2865 Rouget's Rail Rougetius rougetii
2866 Snoring Rail Aramidopsis plateni
2867 Inaccessible Island Rail Atlantisia rogersi
2868 Little Wood-Rail Aramides mangle
2869 Rufous-necked Wood-Rail Aramides axillaris
2870 Grey-necked Wood-Rail Aramides cajanea
2871 Brown Wood-Rail Aramides wolfi
2872 Giant Wood-Rail Aramides ypecaha
2873 Slaty-breasted Wood-Rail Aramides saracura
2874 Red-winged Wood-Rail Aramides calopterus
2875 Uniform Crake Amaurolimnas concolor
2876 Bald-faced Rail Gymnocrex rosenbergii
2877 Bare-eyed Rail Gymnocrex plumbeiventris
2878 Brown Crake Amaurornis akool
2879 Bush-hen Amaurornis olivaceus
2880 Isabelline Waterhen Amaurornis isabellinus
2881 Rufous-tailed Waterhen Amaurornis moluccanus
2882 White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus
2883 Black Crake Amaurornis flavirostra
2884 Sakalava Rail Amaurornis olivieri
2885 Black-tailed Crake Amaurornis bicolor
2886 Little Crake Porzana parva
2887 Baillon's Crake Porzana pusilla
2888 Laysan Crake Porzana palmeri
2889 Spotted Crake Porzana porzana
2890 Australian Crake Porzana fluminea
2891 Sora Porzana carolina
2892 Dot-winged Crake Porzana spiloptera
2893 Ash-throated Crake Porzana albicollis
2894 Hawaiian Crake Porzana sandwichensis
2895 Ruddy-breasted Crake Porzana fusca
2896 Band-bellied Crake Porzana paykullii
2897 Spotless Crake Porzana tabuensis
2898 Kosrae Crake Porzana monasa
2899 Henderson Island Crake Porzana atra
2900 Yellow-breasted Crake Porzana flaviventer
2901 White-browed Crake Porzana cinerea
2902 Striped Crake Aenigmatolimnas marginalis
2903 Zapata Rail Cyanolimnas cerverai
2904 Colombian Crake Neocrex colombianus
2905 Paint-billed Crake Neocrex erythrops
2906 Spotted Rail Pardirallus maculatus
2907 Blackish Rail Pardirallus nigricans
2908 Plumbeous Rail Pardirallus sanguinolentus
2909 Chestnut Rail Eulabeornis castaneoventris
2910 Invisible Rail Habroptila wallacii
2911 New Guinea Flightless Rail Megacrex inepta
2912 Watercock Gallicrex cinerea
2913 Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio
2914 Lord Howe Island Swamphen Porphyrio albus
2915 Takahe Porphyrio mantelli
2916 Allen's Gallinule Porphyrio alleni
2917 Purple Gallinule Porphyrio martinicus
2918 Azure Gallinule Porphyrio flavirostris
2919 Samoan Moorhen Gallinula pacifica
2920 San Cristobal Moorhen Gallinula silvestris
2921 Tristan Moorhen Gallinula nesiotis
2922 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus
2923 Dusky Moorhen Gallinula tenebrosa
2924 Lesser Moorhen Gallinula angulata
2925 Spot-flanked Gallinule Gallinula melanops
2926 Black-tailed Native-hen Gallinula ventralis
2927 Tasmanian Native-hen Gallinula mortierii
2928 Red-knobbed Coot Fulica cristata
2929 Common Coot Fulica atra
2930 Hawaiian Coot Fulica alai
2931 American Coot Fulica americana
2932 Caribbean Coot Fulica caribaea
2933 White-winged Coot Fulica leucoptera
2934 Slate-colored Coot Fulica ardesiaca
2935 Red-gartered Coot Fulica armillata
2936 Red-fronted Coot Fulica rufifrons
2937 Giant Coot Fulica gigantea
2938 Horned Coot Fulica cornuta
Family Mesitornithidae
2939 White-breasted Mesite Mesitornis variegata
2940 Brown Mesite Mesitornis unicolor
2941 Subdesert Mesite Monias benschi
Order Ciconiiformes
Family Pteroclidae
2942 Tibetan Sandgrouse Syrrhaptes tibetanus
2943 Pallas's Sandgrouse Syrrhaptes paradoxus
2944 Pin-tailed Sandgrouse Pterocles alchata
2945 Namaqua Sandgrouse Pterocles namaqua
2946 Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse Pterocles exustus
2947 Spotted Sandgrouse Pterocles senegallus
2948 Yellow-throated Sandgrouse Pterocles gutturalis
2949 Black-bellied Sandgrouse Pterocles orientalis
2950 Crowned Sandgrouse Pterocles coronatus
2951 Madagascar Sandgrouse Pterocles personatus
2952 Black-faced Sandgrouse Pterocles decoratus
2953 Double-banded Sandgrouse Pterocles bicinctus
2954 Four-banded Sandgrouse Pterocles quadricinctus
2955 Painted Sandgrouse Pterocles indicus
2956 Lichtenstein's Sandgrouse Pterocles lichtensteinii
2957 Burchell's Sandgrouse Pterocles burchelli
Family Thinocoridae
2958 Rufous-bellied Seedsnipe Attagis gayi
2959 White-bellied Seedsnipe Attagis malouinus
2960 Grey-breasted Seedsnipe Thinocorus orbignyianus
2961 Least Seedsnipe Thinocorus rumicivorus
Family Pedionomidae
2962 Plains-wanderer Pedionomus torquatus
Family Scolopacidae
2963 Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola
2964 Amami Woodcock Scolopax mira
2965 Rufous Woodcock Scolopax saturata
2966 Sulawesi Woodcock Scolopax celebensis
2967 Moluccan Woodcock Scolopax rochussenii
2968 American Woodcock Scolopax minor
2969 Solitary Snipe Gallinago solitaria
2970 Latham's Snipe Gallinago hardwickii
2971 Wood Snipe Gallinago nemoricola
2972 Pintail Snipe Gallinago stenura
2973 Swinhoe's Snipe Gallinago megala
2974 Great Snipe Gallinago media
2975 Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago
2976 African Snipe Gallinago nigripennis
2977 Madagascar Snipe Gallinago macrodactyla
2978 South American Snipe Gallinago paraguaiae
2979 Puna Snipe Gallinago andina
2980 Noble Snipe Gallinago nobilis
2981 Giant Snipe Gallinago undulata
2982 Andean Snipe Gallinago jamesoni
2983 Fuegian Snipe Gallinago stricklandii
2984 Imperial Snipe Gallinago imperialis
2985 Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus
2986 Chatham Islands Snipe Coenocorypha pusilla
2987 Subantarctic Snipe Coenocorypha aucklandica
2988 Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa
2989 Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica
2990 Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica
2991 Marbled Godwit Limosa fedoa
2992 Little Curlew Numenius minutus
2993 Eskimo Curlew Numenius borealis
2994 Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus
2995 Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis
2996 Slender-billed Curlew Numenius tenuirostris
2997 Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata
2998 Long-billed Curlew Numenius americanus
2999 Far Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis
3000 Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda
3001 Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus
3002 Common Redshank Tringa totanus
3003 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis
3004 Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia
3005 Nordmann's Greenshank Tringa guttifer
3006 Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca
3007 Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes
3008 Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria
3009 Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus
3010 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola
3011 Terek Sandpiper Tringa cinerea
3012 Common Sandpiper Tringa hypoleucos
3013 Spotted Sandpiper Tringa macularia
3014 Grey-tailed Tattler Tringa brevipes
3015 Wandering Tattler Tringa incana
3016 Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus
3017 Tuamotu Sandpiper Prosobonia cancellata
3018 Tahitian Sandpiper Prosobonia leucoptera
3019 Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres
3020 Black Turnstone Arenaria melanocephala
3021 Short-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus griseus
3022 Long-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus
3023 Asian Dowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatus
3024 Surfbird Aphriza virgata
3025 Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris
3026 Red Knot Calidris canutus
3027 Sanderling Calidris alba
3028 Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla
3029 Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri
3030 Little Stint Calidris minuta
3031 Rufous-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis
3032 Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii
3033 Long-toed Stint Calidris subminuta
3034 Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla
3035 White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis
3036 Baird's Sandpiper Calidris bairdii
3037 Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos
3038 Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata
3039 Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima
3040 Rock Sandpiper Calidris ptilocnemis
3041 Dunlin Calidris alpina
3042 Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea
3043 Stilt Sandpiper Micropalama himantopus
3044 Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis
3045 Spoonbill Sandpiper Eurynorhynchus pygmeus
3046 Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus
3047 Ruff Philomachus pugnax
3048 Wilson's Phalarope Steganopus tricolor
3049 Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus
3050 Red Phalarope Phalaropus fulicaria
Family Rostratulidae
3051 Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis
3052 American Painted-snipe Rostratula semicollaris
Family Jacanidae
3053 African Jacana Actophilornis africanus
3054 Madagascar Jacana Actophilornis albinucha
3055 Lesser Jacana Microparra capensis
3056 Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea
3057 Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus
3058 Bronze-winged Jacana Metopidius indicus
3059 Northern Jacana Jacana spinosa
3060 Wattled Jacana Jacana jacana
Family Chionididae
3061 Snowy Sheathbill Chionis alba
3062 Black-faced Sheathbill Chionis minor
Family Burhinidae
3063 Magellanic Plover Pluvianellus socialis
3064 Eurasian Thick-knee Burhinus oedicnemus
3065 Senegal Thick-knee Burhinus senegalensis
3066 Water Thick-knee Burhinus vermiculatus
3067 Spotted Thick-knee Burhinus capensis
3068 Double-striped Thick-knee Burhinus bistriatus
3069 Peruvian Thick-knee Burhinus superciliaris
3070 Bush Thick-knee Burhinus grallarius
3071 Great Thick-knee Burhinus recurvirostris
3072 Beach Thick-knee Burhinus giganteus
Family Charadriidae
3073 Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus
3074 Canary Islands Oystercatcher Haematopus meadewaldoi
3075 African Oystercatcher Haematopus moquini
3076 South Island Oystercatcher Haematopus finschi
3077 Black Oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani
3078 American Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus
3079 Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris
3080 Variable Oystercatcher Haematopus unicolor
3081 Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus
3082 Blackish Oystercatcher Haematopus ater
3083 Magellanic Oystercatcher Haematopus leucopodus
3084 Ibisbill Ibidorhyncha struthersii
3085 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus
3086 White-headed Stilt Himantopus leucocephalus
3087 Black Stilt Himantopus novaezelandiae
3088 Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus
3089 White-backed Stilt Himantopus melanurus
3090 Banded Stilt Cladorhynchus leucocephalus
3091 Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta
3092 American Avocet Recurvirostra americana
3093 Red-necked Avocet Recurvirostra novaehollandiae
3094 Andean Avocet Recurvirostra andina
3095 Eurasian Golden-Plover Pluvialis apricaria
3096 Pacific Golden-Plover Pluvialis fulva
3097 American Golden-Plover Pluvialis dominica
3098 Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola
3099 Red-breasted Plover Charadrius obscurus
3100 Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula
3101 Semipalmated Plover Charadrius semipalmatus
3102 Long-billed Plover Charadrius placidus
3103 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius
3104 Wilson's Plover Charadrius wilsonia
3105 Killdeer Charadrius vociferus
3106 Black-banded Plover Charadrius thoracicus
3107 St. Helena Plover Charadrius sanctaehelenae
3108 Kittlitz's Plover Charadrius pecuarius
3109 Three-banded Plover Charadrius tricollaris
3110 Forbes's Plover Charadrius forbesi
3111 Piping Plover Charadrius melodus
3112 Chestnut-banded Plover Charadrius pallidus
3113 Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus
3114 White-fronted Plover Charadrius marginatus
3115 Red-capped Plover Charadrius ruficapillus
3116 Malaysian Plover Charadrius peronii
3117 Javan Plover Charadrius javanicus
3118 Collared Plover Charadrius collaris
3119 Double-banded Plover Charadrius bicinctus
3120 Puna Plover Charadrius alticola
3121 Two-banded Plover Charadrius falklandicus
3122 Mongolian Plover Charadrius mongolus
3123 Greater Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii
3124 Caspian Plover Charadrius asiaticus
3125 Oriental Plover Charadrius veredus
3126 Mountain Plover Charadrius montanus
3127 Rufous-chested Plover Charadrius modestus
3128 Hooded Plover Charadrius rubricollis
3129 Shore Plover Thinornis novaeseelandiae
3130 Red-kneed Dotterel Erythrogonys cinctus
3131 Eurasian Dotterel Eudromias morinellus
3132 Tawny-throated Dotterel Oreopholus ruficollis
3133 Wrybill Anarhynchus frontalis
3134 Diademed Sandpiper-Plover Phegornis mitchellii
3135 Inland Dotterel Peltohyas australis
3136 Black-fronted Dotterel Elseyornis melanops
3137 Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus
3138 Long-toed Lapwing Vanellus crassirostris
3139 Yellow-wattled Lapwing Vanellus malabaricus
3140 Javanese Lapwing Vanellus macropterus
3141 Banded Lapwing Vanellus tricolor
3142 Masked Lapwing Vanellus miles
3143 Blacksmith Lapwing Vanellus armatus
3144 Spur-winged Lapwing Vanellus spinosus
3145 River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii
3146 Black-headed Lapwing Vanellus tectus
3147 Spot-breasted Lapwing Vanellus melanocephalus
3148 Grey-headed Lapwing Vanellus cinereus
3149 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus
3150 White-headed Lapwing Vanellus albiceps
3151 Wattled Lapwing Vanellus senegallus
3152 Senegal Lapwing Vanellus lugubris
3153 Black-winged Lapwing Vanellus melanopterus
3154 Crowned Lapwing Vanellus coronatus
3155 Brown-chested Lapwing Vanellus superciliosus
3156 Sociable Lapwing Vanellus gregarius
3157 White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus leucurus
3158 Pied Lapwing Vanellus cayanus
3159 Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis
3160 Andean Lapwing Vanellus resplendens
Family Glareolidae
3161 Crab Plover Dromas ardeola
3162 Crocodile-bird Pluvianus aegyptius
3163 Double-banded Courser Rhinoptilus africanus
3164 Bronze-winged Courser Rhinoptilus chalcopterus
3165 Three-banded Courser Rhinoptilus cinctus
3166 Jerdon's Courser Rhinoptilus bitorquatus
3167 Cream-colored Courser Cursorius cursor
3168 Burchell's Courser Cursorius rufus
3169 Temminck's Courser Cursorius temminckii
3170 Indian Courser Cursorius coromandelicus
3171 Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola
3172 Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum
3173 Black-winged Pratincole Glareola nordmanni
3174 Madagascar Pratincole Glareola ocularis
3175 Rock Pratincole Glareola nuchalis
3176 Grey Pratincole Glareola cinerea
3177 Small Pratincole Glareola lactea
3178 Australian Pratincole Stiltia isabella
Family Laridae
3179 Great Skua Catharacta skua
3180 Southern Skua Catharacta antarctica
3181 Brown Skua Catharacta lonnbergi
3182 Chilean Skua Catharacta chilensis
3183 South Polar Skua Catharacta maccormicki
3184 Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus
3185 Parasitic Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus
3186 Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus
3187 Black Skimmer Rynchops niger
3188 African Skimmer Rynchops flavirostris
3189 Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis
3190 Dolphin Gull Larus scoresbii
3191 Pacific Gull Larus pacificus
3192 Band-tailed Gull Larus belcheri
3193 Olrog's Gull Larus atlanticus
3194 Black-tailed Gull Larus crassirostris
3195 Grey Gull Larus modestus
3196 Heermann's Gull Larus heermanni
3197 White-eyed Gull Larus leucophthalmus
3198 Sooty Gull Larus hemprichii
3199 Mew Gull Larus canus
3200 Audouin's Gull Larus audouinii
3201 Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis
3202 California Gull Larus californicus
3203 Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus
3204 Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus
3205 Glaucous-winged Gull Larus glaucescens
3206 Western Gull Larus occidentalis
3207 Yellow-footed Gull Larus livens
3208 Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus
3209 Iceland Gull Larus glaucoides
3210 Herring Gull Larus argentatus
3211 Armenian Gull Larus armenicus
3212 Slaty-backed Gull Larus schistisagus
3213 Yellow-legged Gull Larus cachinnans
3214 Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus
3215 Great Black-headed Gull Larus ichthyaetus
3216 Brown-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus
3217 Grey-headed Gull Larus cirrocephalus
3218 King Gull Larus hartlaubii
3219 Silver Gull Larus novaehollandiae
3220 Red-billed Gull Larus scopulinus
3221 Black-billed Gull Larus bulleri
3222 Brown-hooded Gull Larus maculipennis
3223 Common Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus
3224 Slender-billed Gull Larus genei
3225 Bonaparte's Gull Larus philadelphia
3226 Saunders's Gull Larus saundersi
3227 Andean Gull Larus serranus
3228 Mediterranean Gull Larus melanocephalus
3229 Relict Gull Larus relictus
3230 Lava Gull Larus fuliginosus
3231 Laughing Gull Larus atricilla
3232 Franklin's Gull Larus pipixcan
3233 Little Gull Larus minutus
3234 Ivory Gull Pagophila eburnea
3235 Ross's Gull Rhodostethia rosea
3236 Sabine's Gull Xema sabini
3237 Swallow-tailed Gull Creagrus furcatus
3238 Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla
3239 Red-legged Kittiwake Rissa brevirostris
3240 Gull-billed Tern Sterna nilotica
3241 Caspian Tern Sterna caspia
3242 River Tern Sterna aurantia
3243 Royal Tern Sterna maxima
3244 Elegant Tern Sterna elegans
3245 Lesser Crested-Tern Sterna bengalensis
3246 Great Crested-Tern Sterna bergii
3247 Chinese Crested-Tern Sterna bernsteini
3248 Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis
3249 Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii
3250 White-fronted Tern Sterna striata
3251 Black-naped Tern Sterna sumatrana
3252 South American Tern Sterna hirundinacea
3253 Common Tern Sterna hirundo
3254 Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea
3255 Antarctic Tern Sterna vittata
3256 Kerguelen Tern Sterna virgata
3257 Forster's Tern Sterna forsteri
3258 Snowy-crowned Tern Sterna trudeaui
3259 Little Tern Sterna albifrons
3260 Saunders's Tern Sterna saundersi
3261 Least Tern Sterna antillarum
3262 Yellow-billed Tern Sterna superciliaris
3263 Peruvian Tern Sterna lorata
3264 Fairy Tern Sterna nereis
3265 Damara Tern Sterna balaenarum
3266 White-cheeked Tern Sterna repressa
3267 Black-bellied Tern Sterna acuticauda
3268 Aleutian Tern Sterna aleutica
3269 Grey-backed Tern Sterna lunata
3270 Bridled Tern Sterna anaethetus
3271 Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata
3272 Black-fronted Tern Chlidonias albostriatus
3273 Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus
3274 White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus
3275 Black Tern Chlidonias niger
3276 Large-billed Tern Phaetusa simplex
3277 Brown Noddy Anous stolidus
3278 Black Noddy Anous minutus
3279 Lesser Noddy Anous tenuirostris
3280 Blue Noddy Procelsterna cerulea
3281 Common White-Tern Gygis alba
3282 Little White-Tern Gygis microrhyncha
3283 Inca Tern Larosterna inca
3284 Dovekie Alle alle
3285 Common Murre Uria aalge
3286 Thick-billed Murre Uria lomvia
3287 Razorbill Alca torda
3288 Great Auk Pinguinus impennis
3289 Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle
3290 Pigeon Guillemot Cepphus columba
3291 Spectacled Guillemot Cepphus carbo
3292 Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus
3293 Kittlitz's Murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris
3294 Xantus's Murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus
3295 Craveri's Murrelet Synthliboramphus craveri
3296 Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus
3297 Japanese Murrelet Synthliboramphus wumizusume
3298 Cassin's Auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus
3299 Parakeet Auklet Cyclorrhynchus psittacula
3300 Crested Auklet Aethia cristatella
3301 Whiskered Auklet Aethia pygmaea
3302 Least Auklet Aethia pusilla
3303 Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata
3304 Atlantic Puffin Fratercula arctica
3305 Horned Puffin Fratercula corniculata
3306 Tufted Puffin Fratercula cirrhata
Family Acciptridae
3307 Osprey Pandion haliaetus
3308 African Baza Aviceda cuculoides
3309 Madagascar Baza Aviceda madagascariensis
3310 Jerdon's Baza Aviceda jerdoni
3311 Pacific Baza Aviceda subcristata
3312 Black Baza Aviceda leuphotes
3313 Grey-headed Kite Leptodon cayanensis
3314 White-collared Kite Leptodon forbesi
3315 Hook-billed Kite Chondrohierax uncinatus
3316 Long-tailed Honey-buzzard Henicopernis longicauda
3317 Black Honey-buzzard Henicopernis infuscatus
3318 European Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorus
3319 Oriental Honey-buzzard Pernis ptilorhyncus
3320 Barred Honey-buzzard Pernis celebensis
3321 Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura
3322 Black-breasted Buzzard Hamirostra melanosternon
3323 Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forficatus
3324 Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus
3325 Pearl Kite Gampsonyx swainsonii
3326 Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus
3327 Black-shouldered Kite Elanus axillaris
3328 White-tailed Kite Elanus leucurus
3329 Letter-winged Kite Elanus scriptus
3330 Scissor-tailed Kite Chelictinia riocourii
3331 Snail Kite Rostrhamus sociabilis
3332 Slender-billed Kite Rostrhamus hamatus
3333 Double-toothed Kite Harpagus bidentatus
3334 Rufous-thighed Kite Harpagus diodon
3335 Mississippi Kite Ictinia mississippiensis
3336 Plumbeous Kite Ictinia plumbea
3337 Red Kite Milvus milvus
3338 Black Kite Milvus migrans
3339 Black-eared Kite Milvus lineatus
3340 Whistling Kite Haliastur sphenurus
3341 Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus
3342 White-bellied Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster
3343 Sanford's Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus sanfordi
3344 African Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer
3345 Madagascar Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus vociferoides
3346 Pallas's Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus
3347 White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla
3348 Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus
3349 Steller's Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus
3350 Lesser Fish-Eagle Ichthyophaga humilis
3351 Grey-headed Fish-Eagle Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus
3352 Palm-nut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis
3353 Lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus
3354 Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus
3355 Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus
3356 White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus
3357 White-rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis
3358 Long-billed Vulture Gyps indicus
3359 Rueppell's Griffon Gyps rueppellii
3360 Himalayan Griffon Gyps himalayensis
3361 Eurasian Griffon Gyps fulvus
3362 Cape Griffon Gyps coprotheres
3363 Cinereous Vulture Aegypius monachus
3364 Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotus
3365 White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis
3366 Red-headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus
3367 Short-toed Snake-Eagle Circaetus gallicus
3368 Black-chested Snake-Eagle Circaetus pectoralis
3369 Brown Snake-Eagle Circaetus cinereus
3370 Fasciated Snake-Eagle Circaetus fasciolatus
3371 Banded Snake-Eagle Circaetus cinerascens
3372 Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus
3373 Crested Serpent-Eagle Spilornis cheela
3374 Nicobar Serpent-Eagle Spilornis minimus
3375 Mountain Serpent-Eagle Spilornis kinabaluensis
3376 Sulawesi Serpent-Eagle Spilornis rufipectus
3377 Philippine Serpent-Eagle Spilornis holospilus
3378 Andaman Serpent-Eagle Spilornis elgini
3379 Congo Serpent-Eagle Dryotriorchis spectabilis
3380 Madagascar Serpent-Eagle Eutriorchis astur
3381 Western Marsh-Harrier Circus aeruginosus
3382 African Marsh-Harrier Circus ranivorus
3383 Eastern Marsh-Harrier Circus spilonotus
3384 Swamp Harrier Circus approximans
3385 Madagascar Marsh-Harrier Circus maillardi
3386 Long-winged Harrier Circus buffoni
3387 Spotted Harrier Circus assimilis
3388 Black Harrier Circus maurus
3389 Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus
3390 Cinereous Harrier Circus cinereus
3391 Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus
3392 Pied Harrier Circus melanoleucos
3393 Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus
3394 African Harrier-Hawk Polyboroides typus
3395 Madagascar Harrier-Hawk Polyboroides radiatus
3396 Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicus
3397 Dark Chanting-Goshawk Melierax metabates
3398 Eastern Chanting-Goshawk Melierax poliopterus
3399 Pale Chanting-Goshawk Melierax canorus
3400 Gabar Goshawk Micronisus gabar
3401 Grey-bellied Goshawk Accipiter poliogaster
3402 Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus
3403 Sulawesi Goshawk Accipiter griseiceps
3404 Red-chested Goshawk Accipiter toussenelii
3405 African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro
3406 Chestnut-flanked Sparrowhawk Accipiter castanilius
3407 Shikra Accipiter badius
3408 Nicobar Sparrowhawk Accipiter butleri
3409 Levant Sparrowhawk Accipiter brevipes
3410 Chinese Goshawk Accipiter soloensis
3411 Frances's Goshawk Accipiter francesii
3412 Spot-tailed Goshawk Accipiter trinotatus
3413 Grey Goshawk Accipiter novaehollandiae
3414 Brown Goshawk Accipiter fasciatus
3415 Black-mantled Goshawk Accipiter melanochlamys
3416 Pied Goshawk Accipiter albogularis
3417 Fiji Goshawk Accipiter rufitorques
3418 White-bellied Goshawk Accipiter haplochrous
3419 Moluccan Goshawk Accipiter henicogrammus
3420 Slaty-mantled Sparrowhawk Accipiter luteoschistaceus
3421 Imitator Sparrowhawk Accipiter imitator
3422 Grey-headed Goshawk Accipiter poliocephalus
3423 New Britain Goshawk Accipiter princeps
3424 Tiny Hawk Accipiter superciliosus
3425 Semicollared Hawk Accipiter collaris
3426 Red-thighed Sparrowhawk Accipiter erythropus
3427 Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus
3428 Japanese Sparrowhawk Accipiter gularis
3429 Besra Accipiter virgatus
3430 Small Sparrowhawk Accipiter nanus
3431 Rufous-necked Sparrowhawk Accipiter erythrauchen
3432 Collared Sparrowhawk Accipiter cirrocephalus
3433 New Britain Sparrowhawk Accipiter brachyurus
3434 Vinous-breasted Sparrowhawk Accipiter rhodogaster
3435 Madagascar Sparrowhawk Accipiter madagascariensis
3436 Ovampo Sparrowhawk Accipiter ovampensis
3437 Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus
3438 Rufous-chested Sparrowhawk Accipiter rufiventris
3439 Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus
3440 White-breasted Hawk Accipiter chionogaster
3441 Plain-breasted Hawk Accipiter ventralis
3442 Rufous-thighed Hawk Accipiter erythronemius
3443 Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii
3444 Gundlach's Hawk Accipiter gundlachi
3445 Bicolored Hawk Accipiter bicolor
3446 Black Goshawk Accipiter melanoleucus
3447 Henst's Goshawk Accipiter henstii
3448 Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis
3449 Meyer's Goshawk Accipiter meyerianus
3450 Chestnut-shouldered Goshawk Erythrotriorchis buergersi
3451 Red Goshawk Erythrotriorchis radiatus
3452 Doria's Goshawk Megatriorchis doriae
3453 Long-tailed Hawk Urotriorchis macrourus
3454 Grasshopper Buzzard Butastur rufipennis
3455 White-eyed Buzzard Butastur teesa
3456 Rufous-winged Buzzard Butastur liventer
3457 Grey-faced Buzzard Butastur indicus
3458 Crane Hawk Geranospiza caerulescens
3459 Plumbeous Hawk Leucopternis plumbea
3460 Slate-colored Hawk Leucopternis schistacea
3461 Barred Hawk Leucopternis princeps
3462 Black-faced Hawk Leucopternis melanops
3463 White-browed Hawk Leucopternis kuhli
3464 White-necked Hawk Leucopternis lacernulata
3465 Semiplumbeous Hawk Leucopternis semiplumbea
3466 White Hawk Leucopternis albicollis
3467 Grey-backed Hawk Leucopternis occidentalis
3468 Mantled Hawk Leucopternis polionota
3469 Rufous Crab-Hawk Buteogallus aequinoctialis
3470 Common Black-Hawk Buteogallus anthracinus
3471 Mangrove Black-Hawk Buteogallus subtilis
3472 Great Black-Hawk Buteogallus urubitinga
3473 Savanna Hawk Buteogallus meridionalis
3474 Harris's Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus
3475 Black-collared Hawk Busarellus nigricollis
3476 Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle Geranoaetus melanoleucus
3477 Solitary Eagle Harpyhaliaetus solitarius
3478 Crowned Eagle Harpyhaliaetus coronatus
3479 Grey Hawk Asturina plagiata
3480 Grey-lined Hawk Asturina nitida
3481 Roadside Hawk Buteo magnirostris
3482 Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus
3483 Ridgway's Hawk Buteo ridgwayi
3484 Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus
3485 White-rumped Hawk Buteo leucorrhous
3486 Short-tailed Hawk Buteo brachyurus
3487 White-throated Hawk Buteo albigula
3488 Swainson's Hawk Buteo swainsoni
3489 White-tailed Hawk Buteo albicaudatus
3490 Galapagos Hawk Buteo galapagoensis
3491 Red-backed Hawk Buteo polyosoma
3492 Puna Hawk Buteo poecilochrous
3493 Zone-tailed Hawk Buteo albonotatus
3494 Hawaiian Hawk Buteo solitarius
3495 Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis
3496 Rufous-tailed Hawk Buteo ventralis
3497 Common Buzzard Buteo buteo
3498 Mountain Buzzard Buteo oreophilus
3499 Madagascar Buzzard Buteo brachypterus
3500 Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus
3501 Upland Buzzard Buteo hemilasius
3502 Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis
3503 Rough-legged Hawk Buteo lagopus
3504 Red-necked Buzzard Buteo auguralis
3505 Augur Buzzard Buteo augur
3506 Archer's Buzzard Buteo archeri
3507 Jackal Buzzard Buteo rufofuscus
3508 Crested Eagle Morphnus guianensis
3509 Harpy Eagle Harpia harpyja
3510 New Guinea Eagle Harpyopsis novaeguineae
3511 Great Philippine Eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi
3512 Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis
3513 Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina
3514 Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga
3515 Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax
3516 Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis
3517 Adalbert's Eagle Aquila adalberti
3518 Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca
3519 Gurney's Eagle Aquila gurneyi
3520 Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
3521 Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax
3522 Verreaux's Eagle Aquila verreauxii
3523 Wahlberg's Eagle Aquila wahlbergi
3524 Bonelli's Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus
3525 African Hawk-Eagle Hieraaetus spilogaster
3526 Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus
3527 Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides
3528 Ayres's Hawk-Eagle Hieraaetus ayresii
3529 Rufous-bellied Eagle Hieraaetus kienerii
3530 Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus
3531 Black-and-White Hawk-Eagle Spizastur melanoleucus
3532 Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis
3533 Cassin's Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus africanus
3534 Changeable Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus cirrhatus
3535 Mountain Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus nipalensis
3536 Blyth's Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus alboniger
3537 Javan Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus bartelsi
3538 Sulawesi Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus lanceolatus
3539 Philippine Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus philippensis
3540 Wallace's Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus nanus
3541 Black Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus tyrannus
3542 Ornate Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus ornatus
3543 Crowned Hawk-Eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus
3544 Black-and-chestnut Eagle Oroaetus isidori
Family Sagittariidae
3545 Secretarybird Sagittarius serpentarius
Family Falconidae
3546 Black Caracara Daptrius ater
3547 Red-throated Caracara Daptrius americanus
3548 Carunculated Caracara Phalcoboenus carunculatus
3549 Mountain Caracara Phalcoboenus megalopterus
3550 White-throated Caracara Phalcoboenus albogularis
3551 Striated Caracara Phalcoboenus australis
3552 Guadalupe Caracara Polyborus lutosus
3553 Crested Caracara Polyborus plancus
3554 Yellow-headed Caracara Milvago chimachima
3555 Chimango Caracara Milvago chimango
3556 Laughing Falcon Herpetotheres cachinnans
3557 Barred Forest-Falcon Micrastur ruficollis
3558 Plumbeous Forest-Falcon Micrastur plumbeus
3559 Lined Forest-Falcon Micrastur gilvicollis
3560 Slaty-backed Forest-Falcon Micrastur mirandollei
3561 Collared Forest-Falcon Micrastur semitorquatus
3562 Buckley's Forest-Falcon Micrastur buckleyi
3563 Spot-winged Falconet Spiziapteryx circumcinctus
3564 Pygmy Falcon Polihierax semitorquatus
3565 White-rumped Falcon Polihierax insignis
3566 Collared Falconet Microhierax caerulescens
3567 Black-thighed Falconet Microhierax fringillarius
3568 White-fronted Falconet Microhierax latifrons
3569 Philippine Falconet Microhierax erythrogenys
3570 Pied Falconet Microhierax melanoleucus
3571 Brown Falcon Falco berigora
3572 Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni
3573 Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus
3574 Madagascar Kestrel Falco newtoni
3575 Mauritius Kestrel Falco punctatus
3576 Seychelles Kestrel Falco araea
3577 Spotted Kestrel Falco moluccensis
3578 Australian Kestrel Falco cenchroides
3579 American Kestrel Falco sparverius
3580 Greater Kestrel Falco rupicoloides
3581 Fox Kestrel Falco alopex
3582 Grey Kestrel Falco ardosiaceus
3583 Dickinson's Kestrel Falco dickinsoni
3584 Banded Kestrel Falco zoniventris
3585 Red-necked Falcon Falco chicquera
3586 Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus
3587 Amur Falcon Falco amurensis
3588 Eleonora's Falcon Falco eleonorae
3589 Sooty Falcon Falco concolor
3590 Aplomado Falcon Falco femoralis
3591 Merlin Falco columbarius
3592 Bat Falcon Falco rufigularis
3593 Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo
3594 African Hobby Falco cuvierii
3595 Oriental Hobby Falco severus
3596 Australian Hobby Falco longipennis
3597 New Zealand Falcon Falco novaeseelandiae
3598 Grey Falcon Falco hypoleucos
3599 Black Falcon Falco subniger
3600 Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus
3601 Laggar Falcon Falco jugger
3602 Saker Falcon Falco cherrug
3603 Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus
3604 Prairie Falcon Falco mexicanus
3605 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus
3606 Barbary Falcon Falco pelegrinoides
3607 Orange-breasted Falcon Falco deiroleucus
3608 Teita Falcon Falco fasciinucha
Family Podicipedidae
3609 White-tufted Grebe Rollandia rolland
3610 Short-winged Grebe Rollandia microptera
3611 Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis
3612 Australasian Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae
3613 Alaotra Grebe Tachybaptus rufolavatus
3614 Madagascar Grebe Tachybaptus pelzelnii
3615 Least Grebe Tachybaptus dominicus
3616 Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps
3617 Atitlan Grebe Podilymbus gigas
3618 Hoary-headed Grebe Poliocephalus poliocephalus
3619 New Zealand Grebe Poliocephalus rufopectus
3620 Great Grebe Podiceps major
3621 Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena
3622 Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus
3623 Horned Grebe Podiceps auritus
3624 Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis
3625 Colombian Grebe Podiceps andinus
3626 Silvery Grebe Podiceps occipitalis
3627 Puna Grebe Podiceps taczanowskii
3628 Hooded Grebe Podiceps gallardoi
3629 Western Grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis
3630 Clark's Grebe Aechmophorus clarkii
Family Phaethontidae
3631 Red-billed Tropicbird Phaethon aethereus
3632 Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda
3633 White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus
Family Sulidae
3634 Abbott's Booby Papasula abbotti
3635 Northern Gannet Morus bassanus
3636 Cape Gannet Morus capensis
3637 Australian Gannet Morus serrator
3638 Blue-footed Booby Sula nebouxii
3639 Peruvian Booby Sula variegata
3640 Masked Booby Sula dactylatra
3641 Red-footed Booby Sula sula
3642 Brown Booby Sula leucogaster
Family Anhingidae
3643 Anhinga Anhinga anhinga
3644 African Darter Anhinga rufa
3645 Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster
3646 Australian Darter Anhinga novaehollandiae
Family Phalacrocoracidae
3647 Long-tailed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus
3648 Crowned Cormorant Phalacrocorax coronatus
3649 Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus
3650 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger
3651 Little Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax melanoleucos
3652 Pallas's Cormorant Phalacrocorax perspicillatus
3653 Brandt's Cormorant Phalacrocorax penicillatus
3654 Flightless Cormorant Phalacrocorax harrisi
3655 Bank Cormorant Phalacrocorax neglectus
3656 Black-faced Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscescens
3657 Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus
3658 Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus
3659 Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscicollis
3660 Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius
3661 Little Black Cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris
3662 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo
3663 Japanese Cormorant Phalacrocorax capillatus
3664 Socotra Cormorant Phalacrocorax nigrogularis
3665 Cape Cormorant Phalacrocorax capensis
3666 Guanay Cormorant Phalacrocorax bougainvillii
3667 Kerguelen Shag Phalacrocorax verrucosus
3668 Imperial Shag Phalacrocorax atriceps
3669 Antarctic Shag Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis
3670 South Georgia Shag Phalacrocorax georgianus
3671 Campbell Island Shag Phalacrocorax campbelli
3672 Rough-faced Shag Phalacrocorax carunculatus
3673 Bronzed Shag Phalacrocorax chalconotus
3674 Chatham Islands Shag Phalacrocorax onslowi
3675 Auckland Islands Shag Phalacrocorax colensoi
3676 Bounty Islands Shag Phalacrocorax ranfurlyi
3677 Rock Shag Phalacrocorax magellanicus
3678 Red-faced Cormorant Phalacrocorax urile
3679 Pelagic Cormorant Phalacrocorax pelagicus
3680 European Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis
3681 Red-legged Cormorant Phalacrocorax gaimardi
3682 Spotted Shag Phalacrocorax punctatus
3683 Pitt Island Shag Phalacrocorax featherstoni
Family Ardeidae
3684 Whistling Heron Syrigma sibilatrix
3685 Reddish Egret Egretta rufescens
3686 Slaty Egret Egretta vinaceigula
3687 Black Heron Egretta ardesiaca
3688 Tricolored Heron Egretta tricolor
3689 White-faced Heron Egretta novaehollandiae
3690 Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea
3691 Little Egret Egretta garzetta
3692 Western Reef-Egret Egretta gularis
3693 Dimorphic Egret Egretta dimorpha
3694 Snowy Egret Egretta thula
3695 Chinese Egret Egretta eulophotes
3696 Pacific Reef-Egret Egretta sacra
3697 Capped Heron Pilherodius pileatus
3698 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea
3699 Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias
3700 Cocoi Heron Ardea cocoi
3701 Pacific Heron Ardea pacifica
3702 Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala
3703 Humblot's Heron Ardea humbloti
3704 Goliath Heron Ardea goliath
3705 White-bellied Heron Ardea insignis
3706 Great-billed Heron Ardea sumatrana
3707 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea
3708 Pied Heron Ardea picata
3709 Great Egret Casmerodius albus
3710 Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia
3711 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis
3712 Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides
3713 Indian Pond-Heron Ardeola grayii
3714 Chinese Pond-Heron Ardeola bacchus
3715 Javan Pond-Heron Ardeola speciosa
3716 Madagascar Pond-Heron Ardeola idae
3717 Rufous-bellied Heron Ardeola rufiventris
3718 Striated Heron Butorides striatus
3719 Green Heron Butorides virescens
3720 Galapagos Heron Butorides sundevalli
3721 Agami Heron Agamia agami
3722 Yellow-crowned Night-Heron Nyctanassa violacea
3723 Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax
3724 Rufous Night-Heron Nycticorax caledonicus
3725 White-backed Night-Heron Gorsachius leuconotus
3726 White-eared Night-Heron Gorsachius magnificus
3727 Japanese Night-Heron Gorsachius goisagi
3728 Malayan Night-Heron Gorsachius melanolophus
3729 Boat-billed Heron Cochlearius cochlearia
3730 Bare-throated Tiger-Heron Tigrisoma mexicanum
3731 Fasciated Tiger-Heron Tigrisoma fasciatum
3732 Rufescent Tiger-Heron Tigrisoma lineatum
3733 Forest Bittern Zonerodius heliosylus
3734 White-crested Bittern Tigriornis leucolophus
3735 Zigzag Heron Zebrilus undulatus
3736 Stripe-backed Bittern Ixobrychus involucris
3737 Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus
3738 Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis
3739 Black-backed Bittern Ixobrychus novaezelandiae
3740 Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis
3741 Schrenck's Bittern Ixobrychus eurhythmus
3742 Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus
3743 Dwarf Bittern Ixobrychus sturmii
3744 Black Bittern Dupetor flavicollis
3745 American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus
3746 Pinnated Bittern Botaurus pinnatus
3747 Great Bittern Botaurus stellaris
3748 Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus
Family Scopidae
3749 Hamerkop Scopus umbretta
Family Phoenicopteridae
3750 Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber
3751 Chilean Flamingo Phoenicopterus chilensis
3752 Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor
3753 Andean Flamingo Phoenicopterus andinus
3754 Puna Flamingo Phoenicopterus jamesi
Family Threskiornithidae
3755 White Ibis Eudocimus albus
3756 Scarlet Ibis Eudocimus ruber
3757 Whispering Ibis Phimosus infuscatus
3758 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus
3759 White-faced Ibis Plegadis chihi
3760 Puna Ibis Plegadis ridgwayi
3761 Sharp-tailed Ibis Cercibis oxycerca
3762 Plumbeous Ibis Theristicus caerulescens
3763 Buff-necked Ibis Theristicus caudatus
3764 Andean Ibis Theristicus branickii
3765 Black-faced Ibis Theristicus melanopis
3766 Green Ibis Mesembrinibis cayennensis
3767 Hadada Ibis Bostrychia hagedash
3768 Wattled Ibis Bostrychia carunculata
3769 Olive Ibis Bostrychia olivacea
3770 Spot-breasted Ibis Bostrychia rara
3771 Waldrapp Geronticus eremita
3772 Bald Ibis Geronticus calvus
3773 White-winged Ibis Lophotibis cristata
3774 Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus
3775 Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus
3776 Australian Ibis Threskiornis molucca
3777 Straw-necked Ibis Threskiornis spinicollis
3778 Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa
3779 White-shouldered Ibis Pseudibis davisoni
3780 Giant Ibis Pseudibis gigantea
3781 Crested Ibis Nipponia nippon
3782 Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia
3783 Royal Spoonbill Platalea regia
3784 African Spoonbill Platalea alba
3785 Black-faced Spoonbill Platalea minor
3786 Yellow-billed Spoonbill Platalea flavipes
3787 Roseate Spoonbill Ajaia ajaja
Family Pelecanidae
3788 Shoebill Balaeniceps rex
3789 Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus
3790 Pink-backed Pelican Pelecanus rufescens
3791 Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus
3792 Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis
3793 Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus
3794 American White Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
3795 Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis
3796 Peruvian Pelican Pelecanus thagus
Family Ciconiidae
3797 Black Vulture Coragyps atratus
3798 Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura
3799 Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture Cathartes burrovianus
3800 Greater Yellow-headed Vulture Cathartes melambrotus
3801 California Condor Gymnogyps californianus
3802 Andean Condor Vultur gryphus
3803 King Vulture Sarcoramphus papa
3804 Wood Stork Mycteria americana
3805 Milky Stork Mycteria cinerea
3806 Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis
3807 Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala
3808 Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans
3809 African Openbill Anastomus lamelligerus
3810 Black Stork Ciconia nigra
3811 Abdim's Stork Ciconia abdimii
3812 Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus
3813 Storm's Stork Ciconia stormi
3814 Maguari Stork Ciconia maguari
3815 White Stork Ciconia ciconia
3816 Oriental Stork Ciconia boyciana
3817 Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus
3818 Saddle-billed Stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis
3819 Jabiru Jabiru mycteria
3820 Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus
3821 Marabou Stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus
3822 Greater Adjutant Leptoptilos dubius
Family Fregatidae
3823 Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens
3824 Ascension Frigatebird Fregata aquila
3825 Great Frigatebird Fregata minor
3826 Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel
3827 Christmas Island Frigatebird Fregata andrewsi
Family Spheniscidae
3828 King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus
3829 Emperor Penguin Aptenodytes forsteri
3830 Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua
3831 Adelie Penguin Pygoscelis adeliae
3832 Chinstrap Penguin Pygoscelis antarctica
3833 Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes chrysocome
3834 Fiordland Penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus
3835 Snares Penguin Eudyptes robustus
3836 Erect-crested Penguin Eudyptes sclateri
3837 Macaroni Penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus
3838 Royal Penguin Eudyptes schlegeli
3839 Yellow-eyed Penguin Megadyptes antipodes
3840 Little Penguin Eudyptula minor
3841 Jackass Penguin Spheniscus demersus
3842 Humboldt Penguin Spheniscus humboldti
3843 Magellanic Penguin Spheniscus magellanicus
3844 Galapagos Penguin Spheniscus mendiculus
Family Gaviidae
3845 Red-throated Loon Gavia stellata
3846 Arctic Loon Gavia arctica
3847 Pacific Loon Gavia pacifica
3848 Common Loon Gavia immer
3849 Yellow-billed Loon Gavia adamsii
Family Procellariidae
3850 Antarctic Giant-Petrel Macronectes giganteus
3851 Hall's Giant-Petrel Macronectes halli
3852 Northern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis
3853 Southern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialoides
3854 Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica
3855 Cape Petrel Daption capense
3856 Snow Petrel Pagodroma nivea
3857 Kerguelen Petrel Pterodroma brevirostris
3858 Mascarene Petrel Pterodroma aterrima
3859 Beck's Petrel Pterodroma becki
3860 Tahiti Petrel Pterodroma rostrata
3861 Fiji Petrel Pterodroma macgillivrayi
3862 Chatham Islands Petrel Pterodroma axillaris
3863 Black-winged Petrel Pterodroma nigripennis
3864 White-necked Petrel Pterodroma cervicalis
3865 Mottled Petrel Pterodroma inexpectata
3866 Bonin Petrel Pterodroma hypoleuca
3867 Gould's Petrel Pterodroma leucoptera
3868 Cook's Petrel Pterodroma cookii
3869 Pycroft's Petrel Pterodroma pycrofti
3870 Collared Petrel Pterodroma brevipes
3871 Defilippe's Petrel Pterodroma defilippiana
3872 Stejneger's Petrel Pterodroma longirostris
3873 Phoenix Petrel Pterodroma alba
3874 Herald Petrel Pterodroma arminjoniana
3875 Hawaiian Petrel Pterodroma sandwichensis
3876 Galapagos Petrel Pterodroma phaeopygia
3877 Kermadec Petrel Pterodroma neglecta
3878 Juan Fernandez Petrel Pterodroma externa
3879 Barau's Petrel Pterodroma baraui
3880 Murphy's Petrel Pterodroma ultima
3881 Providence Petrel Pterodroma solandri
3882 Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera
3883 Magenta Petrel Pterodroma magentae
3884 White-headed Petrel Pterodroma lessonii
3885 Madeira Petrel Pterodroma madeira
3886 Cape Verde Petrel Pterodroma feae
3887 Soft-plumaged Petrel Pterodroma mollis
3888 Atlantic Petrel Pterodroma incerta
3889 Bermuda Petrel Pterodroma cahow
3890 Black-capped Petrel Pterodroma hasitata
3891 Blue Petrel Halobaena caerulea
3892 Broad-billed Prion Pachyptila vittata
3893 Medium-billed Prion Pachyptila salvini
3894 Antarctic Prion Pachyptila desolata
3895 Slender-billed Prion Pachyptila belcheri
3896 Fairy Prion Pachyptila turtur
3897 Fulmar Prion Pachyptila crassirostris
3898 Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulwerii
3899 Jouanin's Petrel Bulweria fallax
3900 White-chinned Petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis
3901 Black Petrel Procellaria parkinsoni
3902 Westland Petrel Procellaria westlandica
3903 Grey Petrel Procellaria cinerea
3904 Cory's Shearwater Calonectris diomedea
3905 Streaked Shearwater Calonectris leucomelas
3906 Wedge-tailed Shearwater Puffinus pacificus
3907 Buller's Shearwater Puffinus bulleri
3908 Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes
3909 Pink-footed Shearwater Puffinus creatopus
3910 Great Shearwater Puffinus gravis
3911 Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus
3912 Short-tailed Shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris
3913 Christmas Island Shearwater Puffinus nativitatis
3914 Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus
3915 Mediterranean Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan
3916 Townsend's Shearwater Puffinus auricularis
3917 Black-vented Shearwater Puffinus opisthomelas
3918 Fluttering Shearwater Puffinus gavia
3919 Hutton's Shearwater Puffinus huttoni
3920 Audubon's Shearwater Puffinus lherminieri
3921 Little Shearwater Puffinus assimilis
3922 Persian Shearwater Puffinus persicus
3923 Bannerman's Shearwater Puffinus bannermani
3924 Heinroth's Shearwater Puffinus heinrothi
3925 Peruvian Diving-Petrel Pelecanoides garnotii
3926 Magellanic Diving-Petrel Pelecanoides magellani
3927 South Georgia Diving-Petrel Pelecanoides georgicus
3928 Common Diving-Petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix
3929 Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans
3930 Amsterdam Island Albatross Diomedea amsterdamensis
3931 Royal Albatross Diomedea epomophora
3932 Waved Albatross Diomedea irrorata
3933 Short-tailed Albatross Diomedea albatrus
3934 Black-footed Albatross Diomedea nigripes
3935 Laysan Albatross Diomedea immutabilis
3936 Black-browed Albatross Diomedea melanophris
3937 Shy Albatross Diomedea cauta
3938 Grey-headed Albatross Diomedea chrysostoma
3939 Yellow-nosed Albatross Diomedea chlororhynchos
3940 Buller's Albatross Diomedea bulleri
3941 Sooty Albatross Phoebetria fusca
3942 Light-mantled Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata
3943 Wilson's Storm-Petrel Oceanites oceanicus
3944 White-vented Storm-Petrel Oceanites gracilis
3945 Grey-backed Storm-Petrel Garrodia nereis
3946 White-faced Storm-Petrel Pelagodroma marina
3947 Black-bellied Storm-Petrel Fregetta tropica
3948 White-bellied Storm-Petrel Fregetta grallaria
3949 Polynesian Storm-Petrel Nesofregetta fuliginosa
3950 European Storm-Petrel Hydrobates pelagicus
3951 Least Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma microsoma
3952 Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma tethys
3953 Band-rumped Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma castro
3954 Leach's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa
3955 Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma monorhis
3956 Guadalupe Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma macrodactyla
3957 Tristram's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma tristrami
3958 Markham's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma markhami
3959 Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma matsudairae
3960 Black Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma melania
3961 Ashy Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma homochroa
3962 Ringed Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma hornbyi
3963 Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma furcata

BrokenWing